A major











A major
A-major f-sharp-minor.svg
Relative keyF-sharp minor
Parallel keyA minor
Dominant keyE major
SubdominantD major
Component pitches
A, B, C♯, D, E, F♯, G♯

A major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C♯, D, E, F♯, and G♯. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on 2^displaystyle hat 2hat 2 requires both a flat and a natural accidental.


The A major scale is:



<br/>override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = relative c''
clef treble key a major time 7/4 a4 b cis d e fis gis a gis fis e d cis b a2

"/>

In the treble, alto, and bass clefs, the G♯ in the key signature is placed higher than C♯. However, in the tenor clef, it would require a ledger line and so G♯ is placed lower than C♯.




Contents





  • 1 History


  • 2 Notable compositions in A major


  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 Further reading


  • 6 External links




History


Although not as rare in the symphonic literature as sharper keys, examples of symphonies in A major are not as numerous as for D major or G major. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 comprise a nearly complete list of symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major, along with his 23rd piano concerto, and generally Mozart was more likely to use clarinets in A major than in any other key besides E-flat major.[1] Moreover, the climax part of Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto is also in A major.


The key of A major occurs frequently in chamber music and other music for strings, which favor sharp keys. Franz Schubert's Trout Quintet and Antonín Dvořák's Piano Quintet No. 2 are both in A major. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. In connection to Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata, Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin."[2]


According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key suitable for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."[3]



For orchestral works in A major, the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart, rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys. Hector Berlioz complained about the custom of his day in which timpani tuned to A and E a fifth apart were notated C and G a fourth apart, a custom which survived as late as the music of Franz Berwald.[4]



Notable compositions in A major


See also: List of symphonies in A major



  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

    • Violin Concerto No. 5, K. 219


    • Symphony No. 29, K. 201


    • Piano Sonata No. 11, K. 331


    • String Quartet No. 18, K. 464


    • Piano Concerto No. 23, K. 488


    • Clarinet Quintet, K. 581


    • Clarinet Concerto, K. 622



  • Ludwig van Beethoven

    • Symphony No. 7, Op. 92


    • Piano Sonata No. 2, Op. 2/2


    • Piano Sonata No. 28, Op. 101


    • Violin Sonata No. 6, Op. 30/1


    • Violin Sonata No. 9, Op. 47


    • Cello Sonata No. 3, Op. 69


    • String quartet No. 5, Op. 18/5



  • Franz Schubert
    • Trout Quintet


    • Piano Sonata, D 664



  • Felix Mendelssohn

    • Symphony No. 4, Op. 90 ("Italian")


  • Frédéric Chopin

    • Polonaise, Op. 40/1 ("Military")


    • Prelude, Op. 28/7 ("Polish Dancer")



  • Franz Liszt

    • Piano Concerto No. 2, S.125


  • Johannes Brahms

    • Serenade No. 2, Op. 16


    • Violin Sonata No. 2, Op. 100 ("Thun")


    • Piano Quartet No. 2, Op. 26



  • César Franck
    • Violin Sonata


  • Anton Bruckner
    • Symphony No. 6


  • Sergei Prokofiev

    • Piano Sonata No. 6, Op. 82


  • Dmitri Shostakovich

    • String Quartet No. 2, Op. 68


    • Symphony No. 15, Op. 141




See also


  • Major and minor

  • Chord (music)

  • Chord names and symbols (popular music)


References




  1. ^ Mark Anson-Cartwright (2000). "Chromatic Features of E♭-Major Works of the Classical Period". Music Theory Spectrum. 22 (2): 178. JSTOR 745959..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ Peter Cropper, "Beethoven's Violin Sonata in A major, Op.47 'Kreutzer': First Movement", The Strad, March 2009, p. 64


  3. ^ Rita Steblin (1996) A History of Key Characteristics in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries, University of Rochester Press, p. 123,
    ISBN 0835714187.


  4. ^ N. D. Mar (1981). Anatomy of the Orchestra University of California Press, p. 349,
    ISBN 0520045009.




Further reading



  • Colin Lawson, Mozart: Clarinet Concerto, A Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 1996.


External links



  • Media related to A major at Wikimedia Commons



  • v

  • t

  • e



Diatonic scales and keys

Circle of fifths





















































Flats
Sharps
MajorminorMajorminor
0CaC
a
1FdG
e
2B♭gD
b
3E♭cA
f♯
4A♭fE
c♯
5D♭b♭B
g♯
6G♭e♭F♯
d♯
7C♭a♭C♯
a♯
8F♭d♭G♯
e♯
The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case.

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