Hypercoaster
The world's first full-circuit hypercoaster, Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point
A hypercoaster is any complete circuit roller coaster with a height measuring greater than 200 feet (61 m).[1][2] The term was first coined by Arrow Dynamics and Cedar Point in 1989 with the release of the first full-circuit hypercoaster in the world, Magnum XL-200. Other roller coaster manufacturers developed their own models with custom names, including Mega Coasters from Intamin, Hyper Coasters from Bolliger & Mabillard, and Hyper-Hybrid Coasters from Rocky Mountain Construction.[3] The competition between amusement parks to build increasingly taller roller coasters eventually led to giga coasters which exceed 300 feet (91 m) and strata coasters which exceed 400 feet (120 m).
Contents
1 History
2 Description
3 List of hypercoasters
3.1 Complete circuit
3.2 Shuttle
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History
The world's first hypercoaster was Magnum XL-200 by Cedar Point, costing $8,000,000 USD. Cedar Point chose Arrow Dynamics to design and construct Magnum XL-200. Construction on Magnum XL-200 began in 1988, and the ride opened on May 6, 1989. Since its debut, Magnum XL-200 has served more than 36 million guests.[4] Cedar Point's official blog states that after building the ride, "discussion was focused on just what a roller coaster such as Magnum should be called. After all, it had no loops like most of the other large steel coasters of the time and was so much bigger and faster than its non-looping brethren. After a couple of years, the name everyone agreed upon was hypercoaster."[5]
Description
Hypercoasters were originally built for speed and airtime, to counter the trend of constructing bigger and bigger looping coasters. To accomplish this the elements of a hypercoaster often include a large first drop, several additional drops of declining height, a large turn or helix and then many airtime-inducing hills. Hypercoasters are commonly designed with an out and back layout, although there are occasionally hypercoasters that use a twisted layout, such as Raging Bull at Six Flags Great America, and others that combine both, such as Diamondback at Kings Island.
Hypercoasters dominate the Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards. For 2006, Superman: Ride of Steel, now known as Superman the Ride (formerly Bizarro), located at Six Flags New England was ranked highest at #1. Several hypercoasters followed such as Magnum XL-200 (#3), Nitro (#4), Apollo's Chariot (#5). The hypercoasters make up the majority of the 2006 Top 10 Steel Coasters, filling 8/10 positions.[6] By 2010, hypercoasters held all of the top 10 spots on Amusement Today's list of "Top 50 Steel Roller Coasters" and 16 of the top 20.[7]
Hypercoasters were first manufactured by Arrow Dynamics in the late 1980s to early 1990s. Since then, a number of companies, including Bolliger & Mabillard, Intamin, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, Giovanola and others have designed and constructed hypercoasters.
Though hypercoasters are typically steel roller coasters, Son of Beast at Kings Island was the first and only wooden hypercoaster. Due to a number of issues, the ride was eventually demolished in 2012.[8][9]
In 2018, Cedar Point opened the first hybrid hypercoaster, Steel Vengeance. Steel Vengeance will also be the first hypercoaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction.[10].
List of hypercoasters
Silver Star at Europa-Park
The hypercoaster Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure
Hypercoaster Steel Force at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Xcelerator at Knott's Berry Farm
The following is a list of roller coasters with a height of at least 200 feet (61 m). Some enthusiasts do not consider shuttle-type roller coasters to be hypercoasters, so those are listed separately.
Complete circuit
| Name | Park | Country | Manufacturer | Height | Opened | Status | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magnum XL-200 | Cedar Point | United States | Arrow Dynamics | 205 ft (62 m) | May 1989 | Operating | [11] |
Big One | Blackpool Pleasure Beach | United Kingdom | Arrow Dynamics | 213 ft (65 m) | May 1994 | Operating | [12] |
Desperado | Buffalo Bill's | United States | Arrow Dynamics | 209 ft (64 m) | August 1994 | Operating | [13] |
Wild Thing | Valleyfair | United States | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | 207 ft (63 m) | May 1996 | Operating | [14] |
Fujiyama | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | TOGO | 259 ft (79 m) | July 1996 | Operating | [15] |
Big Apple Coaster | New York-New York Hotel & Casino | United States | TOGO | 203 ft (62 m)[note 1] | January 1997 | Operating | [16] |
Steel Force | Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom | United States | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | 200 ft (61 m)[note 2] | May 1997 | Operating | [17] |
Mamba | Worlds of Fun | United States | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | 205 ft (62 m) | April 1998 | Operating | [18] |
Apollo's Chariot | Busch Gardens Williamsburg | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 170 ft (52 m)[note 3] | March 1999 | Operating | [19] |
Raging Bull | Six Flags Great America | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 202 ft (62 m)[note 4] | May 1999 | Operating | [20] |
Ride of Steel | Darien Lake | United States | Intamin | 208 ft (63 m) | May 1999 | Operating | [21] |
Goliath | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | Giovanola | 235 ft (72 m) | February 2000 | Operating | [22] |
Superman the Ride | Six Flags New England | United States | Intamin | 208 ft (63 m) | May 2000 | Operating | [23] |
Superman – Ride of Steel | Six Flags America | United States | Intamin | 197 ft (60 m)[note 5] | May 2000 | Operating | [24] |
Millennium Force* | Cedar Point | United States | Intamin | 310 ft (94 m) | May 2000 | Operating | [25] |
Son of Beast | Kings Island | United States | Roller Coaster Corporation of America | 218 ft (66 m) | May 2000 | Defunct | [26] |
Steel Dragon 2000* | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | 318.3 ft (97.0 m) | August 2000 | Operating | [27] |
Nitro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 230 ft (70 m) | April 2001 | Operating | [28] |
Titan | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | Giovanola | 245 ft (75 m) | April 2001 | Operating | [29] |
Phantom's Revenge | Kennywood | United States | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing/Arrow Dynamics | 160 ft (49 m)[note 6] | May 2001 | Operating | [30] |
X2 | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | Arrow Dynamics | 175 ft (53 m)[note 7] | January 2002 | Operating | [31] |
Silver Star | Europa-Park | Germany | Bolliger & Mabillard | 239.5 ft (73.0 m) | March 2002 | Operating | [32] |
Xcelerator | Knott's Berry Farm | United States | Intamin | 205 ft (62 m) | June 2002 | Operating | [33] |
Thunder Dolphin | Tokyo Dome City Attractions | Japan | Intamin | 262.5 ft (80.0 m) | May 2003 | Operating | [34] |
Top Thrill Dragster** | Cedar Point | United States | Intamin | 420 ft (130 m) | May 2003 | Operating | [35] |
Superman el Último Escape | Six Flags México | Mexico | Chance Morgan | 219.8 ft (67.0 m) | November 2004 | Operating | [36] |
SheiKra | Busch Gardens Tampa | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 200 ft (61 m) | May 2005 | Operating | [37] |
Kingda Ka** | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | Intamin | 456 ft (139 m) | May 2005 | Operating | [38] |
Stealth | Thorpe Park | United Kingdom | Intamin | 205.1 ft (62.5 m) | March 2006 | Operating | [39] |
Goliath | Six Flags Over Georgia | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 200 ft (61 m) | April 2006 | Operating | [40] |
| Zaturn | Space World | Japan | Intamin | 205 ft (62 m) | April 2006 | Operating | [41] |
Eejanaika | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | S&S Worldwide | 249 ft (76 m) | July 2006 | Operating | [42] |
Griffon | Busch Gardens Williamsburg | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 205 ft (62 m) | 2007, May 18 | Operating | [43] |
Behemoth | Canada's Wonderland | Canada | Bolliger & Mabillard | 230 ft (70 m) | May 2008 | Operating | [44] |
Diamondback | Kings Island | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 230 ft (70 m) | April 2009 | Operating | [45] |
Diving Coaster | Happy Valley Shanghai | China | Bolliger & Mabillard | 213.3 ft (65.0 m) | August 2009 | Operating | [46] |
Intimidator | Carowinds | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 232 ft (71 m) | March 2010 | Operating | [47] |
Intimidator 305* | Kings Dominion | United States | Intamin | 305 ft (93 m) | April 2010 | Operating | [48] |
Wild Eagle | Dollywood | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 210 ft (64 m) | March 2012 | Operating | [49][50] |
Leviathan* | Canada's Wonderland | Canada | Bolliger & Mabillard | 306 ft (93 m) | April 2012 | Operating | [51] |
| Dinoconda | China Dinosaurs Park | China | S&S Worldwide | 226.4 ft (69.0 m) | April 2012 | Operating | [52] |
Shambhala | PortAventura Park | Spain | Bolliger & Mabillard | 249.3 ft (76.0 m) | May 2012 | Operating | [53] |
Skyrush | Hershey Park | United States | Intamin | 200 ft (61 m) | May 2012 | Operating | [54] |
| Bullet Coaster | Happy Valley Shenzhen | China | S&S Worldwide | 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 8] | July 2012 | Operating | [55] |
| OCT Thrust SSC1000 | Happy Valley Wuhan | China | S&S Worldwide | 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 9] | March 2014 | Operating | [56] |
Fury 325* | Carowinds | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 325 ft (99 m) | March 2015 | Operating | [57] |
Kärnan | Hansa Park | Germany | Gerstlauer | 239.5 ft (73.0 m) | July 2015 | Operating | [58] |
Cannibal | Lagoon Amusement Park | United States | Lagoon Amusement Park | 208 ft (63 m) | July 2015 | Operating | [59] |
| Flash | Lewa Adventure | China | Mack Rides | 200.2 ft (61.0 m) | January 2016 | Operating | [60] |
| Flying Aces | Ferrari World Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates | Intamin | 206.7 ft (63.0 m) | February 2016 | Operating | [61] |
Valravn | Cedar Point | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 223 ft (68 m) | May 2016 | Operating | [62] |
| Coaster Through the Clouds | Nanchang Wanda Park | China | Intamin | 242.8 ft (74.0 m) | May 2016 | Operating | [63] |
Mako | SeaWorld Orlando | United States | Bolliger & Mabillard | 200 ft (61 m) | June 2016 | Operating | [64] |
| Red Force | Ferrari Land | Spain | Intamin | 367 ft (112 m) | April 2017 | Operating | [65] |
DC Rivals HyperCoaster | Warner Brothers Movie World | Australia | MACK Rides | 202.1 ft (61.6 m) | September 2017 | Operating | [66] |
Steel Vengeance | Cedar Point | United States | Rocky Mountain Construction | 205 ft (62 m) | May 2018 | Operating | [67] |
Hyperion | Energylandia | Poland | Intamin | 252 ft (77 m)[note 10] | July 2018 | Operating | [68] |
Yukon Striker | Canada's Wonderland | Canada | Bolliger & Mabillard | 223 ft (68 m)[note 11] | N/A | Under construction | [69] |
Shuttle
| Name | Park | Country | Manufacturer | Height | Opened | Status | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moonsault Scramble | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | Meisho Amusement Machines | 229.7 ft (70.0 m) | June 1983 | Defunct | [70] |
Tower of Terror II | Dreamworld | Australia | Intamin | 377.3 ft (115.0 m) | January 1997 | Operating | [71] |
Superman: Escape from Krypton | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | Intamin | 415 ft (126 m) | March 1997 | Operating | [72] |
Batman & Robin: The Chiller | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | Premier Rides | 200 ft (61 m) | June 1997 | Defunct | [73] |
Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | Premier Rides | 218 ft (66 m) | March 1998 | Operating | [74][75] |
Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast | Six Flags St. Louis | United States | Premier Rides | 218 ft (66 m) | April 1998 | Operating | [76] |
Speed – The Ride | Nascar Café | United States | Premier Rides | 224 ft (68 m) | April 2000 | Defunct | [77] |
Wicked Twister | Cedar Point | United States | Intamin | 215 ft (66 m) | May 2002 | Operating | [78] |
| Big Air | E-DA Theme Park | Taiwan | Vekoma | 209.3 ft (63.8 m) | December 2010 | Operating | [79] |
* Denotes a hypercoaster that is also a giga coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 300 ft (91 m) in height.
** Denotes a hypercoaster that is also a strata coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 400 ft (120 m) in height.
Notes
^ Drop height is 144 ft (44 m)
^ Drop height is 205 ft (62 m)
^ Drop height is 210 ft (64 m)
^ Drop height is 208 ft (63 m)
^ Drop height is 205 ft (62 m)
^ Drop height is 228 ft (69 m)
^ Drop height is 215 ft (66 m)
^ Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
^ Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
^ Drop height is 269 ft (82 m)
^ Drop height is 245 ft (75 m)
References
^ "Hypercoasters". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-12..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ "Millennium Force: The Hypercoaster Rules No More". Thrillride.com. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
^ https://www.cedarpoint.com/explore/steel-vengeance
^ "CP Mobile". Cedarpoint.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
^ "More Thoughts on Magnum". Cedarpoint.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
^ "The List: 2006 Top 50 Steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2006. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "The List: 2010 Top 50 Steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 11, 2010. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "What's next for Son of Beast? Future of Kings Island roller coaster unclear". Cincinnati.com. 2011-04-23. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Son of Beast roller coaster to be removed to make room for future park expansion". Kings Island. July 27, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ http://www.cleveland.com/travel/index.ssf/2017/08/steel_vengeance_is_cedar_point.html
^ Marden, Duane. "Magnum XL-200 (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Big One (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Desperado (Buffalo Bill's Resort & Casino)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Thing (Valleyfair!)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Fujiyama (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Big Apple Coaster (New York, New York Hotel & Casino)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Mamba (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Ride of Steel (Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Goliath (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Superman the Ride (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Superman – Ride of Steel (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Millennium Force (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Son of Beast (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Dragon 2000 (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Titan (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Phantom's Revenge (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "X2 (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Silver Star (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Xcelerator (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Thunder Dolphin (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Top Thrill Dragster (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Superman el Último Escape (ix Flags Mexico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "SheiKra (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Stealth (horpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Goliath (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Zaturn (Space World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Eejanaika (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Griffon (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Behemoth (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Diamondback (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Intimidator (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Intimidator 305 (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ "Wild Eagle". Ultimate Rollercoaster.com. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Dinoconda (China Dinosaurs Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Shambhala (PortAventura Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Skyrush (Hershey Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Bullet Coaster (Happy Valley Shenzhen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "OCT Thrust SSC1000 (Happy Valley Wuhan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Fury 325 (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Schwur des Kärnan (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Cannibal (Lagoon Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Flash (Lewa Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Flying Aces (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Valravn (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Coaster Through the Clouds (Nanchang Wanda Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Mako (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Red Force (Ferrari Land])". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "DC Rivals HyperCoaster (Warner Brothers Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2017/08/cedar_points_new_roller_coaste.html
^ https://energylandia.pl/wydarzenia/hyperion/
^ http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2017/08/cedar_points_new_roller_coaste.html
^ Marden, Duane. "Moonsault Scramble (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Tower of Terror II (Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Escape from Krypton (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Batman & Robin: The Chiller (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ "Six Flags hit by 'Freeze' yesterday". Dallas Business Journal. March 25, 1998. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Speed – The Ride (Nascar Café)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Marden, Duane. "Big Air (E-DA Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
External links
- Bolliger & Mabillard's official website
- Intamin official website
