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Paralympic Games
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Winter Paralympic Games
The Paralympic flame in Sochi during the 2014 Winter Paralympics
Games
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Sports (details)
Alpine skiing Biathlon Cross‑country skiing Ice sledge hockey Para-snowboarding Wheelchair curling

The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete in snow & ice sports. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Paralympics are also hosted by the city that hosted the Winter Olympics. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) oversees the Winter Paralympics. Medals are awarded in each event: with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904.

The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Those Games were the first Paralympics (Summer or Winter) that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be (along with the Summer Games) part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games. Given their expansion, the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has also given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of steroid use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes, which has tainted the integrity of the Games.

History

The origins of the Winter Paralympics are much similar to the Summer Paralympics. Injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing.^[1] Organized by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, sports competitions between British convalescent hospitals began in 1948 and continued until 1960 when a parallel Olympics was held in Rome after the 1960 Summer Olympics. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which became known as the first Paralympics.^[1]

Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of snow sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports.^[2] Advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held.^[2] The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28. Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event.^[2] There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries,^[3] and it was the first time athletes with impairments other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete.^[4]

Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games. This was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the same facilities as the Winter Olympics.^[4]

Cheating

Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have a competitive advantage, and the use of performance-enhancing drugs.^[5][6] German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002. He had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals.^[7] One concern now facing Paralympic officials is the technique of boosting blood pressure, known as autonomic dysreflexia. The increase in blood pressure can improve performance by 15% and is most effective in the endurance sports such as cross-country skiing. To increase blood pressure athletes will deliberately cause trauma to limbs below a spinal injury. This trauma can include breaking bones, strapping extremities in too tightly and using high-pressured compression stockings. The injury is painless to the athlete but affects the body and impacts the athlete's blood pressure, as can techniques like allowing the bladder to overfill.^[8]

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) found evidence that the Disappearing Positive Methodology was in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi.^[9] On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, citing the Russian Paralympic Committee's inability to enforce the IPC's Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is "a fundamental constitutional requirement".^[9] IPC President Sir Philip Craven stated that the Russian government had "catastrophically failed its Para athletes".^[10] IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson Todd Nicholson said that Russia had used athletes as "pawns" in order to "show global prowess".^[11]

Disability categories

The IPC has established six disability categories applying to both the Summer and Winter Paralympics. Athletes with one of these physical disabilities are able to compete in the Paralympics though not every sport can allow for every disability category.^[12]

• 
  Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb.


• 
  Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.


• 
  Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behavior.


• 
  Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair.


• 
  Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.


• 
  Les Autres: Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide (the name for this category is French for "the others").^[12]

Classifications

Paralympian Andy Soule in the 12.5 km cross-country race at the 2010 Winter Olympics

Within the six disability categories the athletes still need to be divided according to their level of impairment. The classification systems differ from sport to sport. The systems are designed to open up Paralympic sports to as many athletes as possible, who can participate in fair competitions against athletes with similar levels of ability. The closest equivalents in able-bodied competitions are age classifications in junior sports, and weight divisions in wrestling, boxing, and weightlifting. Classifications vary in accordance with the different skills required to perform the sport. The biggest challenge in the classification system is how to account for the wide variety and severity of disabilities. As a result, there will always be a range of impairment within a classification.^[13] What follows is a list of the Winter Paralympic sports and a general description of how they are classified.

Alpine skiing:
There are two events in alpine skiing: slalom and giant slalom. Alpine skiing accommodates athletes with the following physical limitations: spinal injury, Cerebral Palsy, amputation, Les Autres and blindness/visual impairment. There are eleven classifications, seven for standing athletes, three for sitting athletes, and three for visually impaired athletes. The divisions are defined by the degree of the athletes' function and the need for assistive equipment (prosthesis, ski poles, etc.).^[14] Snowboard Cross is technically now included in this category, though competition will take place with only limited classifications (see below).

Biathlon:
Biathlon is a combination of cross-country skiing with target shooting. It requires physical stamina and accurate shooting. The events are open to athletes with physical disabilities and visual impairments. There are fifteen classes in which athletes will be placed depending on their level of function. Twelve divisions are for athletes with a physical impairment and three divisions are for athletes with a visual impairment. The athletes compete together and their finishing times are entered into a formula with their disability class to determine the athletes' overall finish order. Visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals. The signal intensity varies depending upon whether or not the athlete is on target.^[15]

Cross-country skiing:
Cross-country skiing, also known as Nordic skiing is open to athletes with Cerebral Palsy, amputations, the need for a wheelchair, visual impairment and intellectual impairment. There are fifteen classifications, three for visually impaired athletes, nine for standing athletes and three for seated athletes. The divisions are determined in a similar fashion to alpine skiing with attention given to the athletes' level of function and need for assistive devices.^[16]

Ice sledge hockey game at the 2010 Winter Paralympics

Ice Sledge Hockey:
Ice sledge hockey is open only to male competitors with a physical disability in the lower part of their body. The game is played using international hockey rules with some modifications. Athletes sit on sledges with two blades that allow the puck to go beneath the sledge. They also use two sticks, which have a spike-end for pushing and a blade-end for shooting. The athletes are classified into three groups: group 1 is for athletes with no sitting balance or with major impairment in both upper and lower limbs, group 2 is for athletes with some sitting balance and moderate impairment in their extremities and athletes in group 3 have good balance and mild impairment in their upper and lower limbs.^[17]

Wheelchair curling:
Wheelchair curling is a coed team event for athletes with permanent lower limb disabilities that require them to use a wheelchair in their daily lives. Athletes with Cerebral Palsy or Multiple Sclerosis can also play if they use a wheelchair. Delivery of the stone can be by hand release or the use of a pole. There are no classifications in this event except the requirement that all athletes participating must have need for a wheelchair for daily mobility.^[18]

Para-snowboarding:
On 2 May 2012, the International Paralympic Committee officially sanctioned "para-snowboarding" (commonly known as adaptive snowboarding) as a medal event in the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games under Alpine Skiing. There will be men's and women's standing snowboard-cross competitions.^[19] The IPC currently recognizes two broader sport classes, one for competitors with lower-limb impairments and one for those with upper-limb impairments. Visually impaired classes are not currently recognized and the sport's debut in the 2014 Sochi Paralympics will feature events for only athletes with lower-limb impairments, who will be permitted to wear a prosthesis. The events will be run in a time trial format (one rider on course at a time), and results within each broad class calculated without factors that adjust raw times based on disability classification (for example, a hypothetical athlete with a single above-knee amputation will not receive any adjustment to his or her start-to-finish time, even though the lack of a knee and functional quadriceps in one leg can result in an impairment much greater than a hypothetical athlete with a single below-knee amputation but two functional quadriceps). However, as the sport develops, the classes will be expanded and/or refined in the future.^[20]

List of Paralympic sports

A number of different sports have been part of the Paralympic program at one point or another.

  This color indicates a discontinued sport

All-time medal table

According to official data of the International Paralympic Committee. This table lists the top 20 nations, as ranked by number of golds, then silvers, then bronzes.

No.	Nation	Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany (GER)[21]	12	137	121	106	364
2	Norway (NOR)	12	136	109	85	327
3	United States (USA)	12	110	119	84	313
4	Austria (AUT)	12	104	115	113	332
5	Russia (RUS)	6	84	88	61	233
6	Finland (FIN)	12	77	48	61	185
7	France (FRA)	12	59	55	57	171
8	Switzerland (SUI)	12	53	55	48	156
9	Canada (CAN)	12	51	47	65	163
11	Ukraine (UKR)	6	27	41	44	112
10	Sweden (SWE)	12	26	33	41	100
12	Japan (JPN)	12	23	42	35	90
13	New Zealand (NZL)	11	16	6	9	31
14	Spain (ESP)	11	15	16	12	43
15	Slovakia (SVK)	7	15	21	19	55
16	Italy (ITA)	11	14	22	30	66
17	Australia (AUS)	11	12	6	16	34
18	Poland (POL)	11	11	6	28	45
19	Unified Team (EUN)[22]	1	10	8	3	21
20	Belarus (BLR)	6	8	11	16	35

List of Winter Paralympic Games

1998

2002

2010

2010

2018

2022

Host cities of Winter Paralympic Games

1976

1980

1984,1988

1992

1992

1994

2006

2014

European host cities of Winter Paralympic Games

Games	Year	Host	Opened by	Dates	Nations	Competitors			Sports	Events	Top Nation
						Total	Men	Women
I	1976	Örnsköldsvik, Sweden	King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden	21–28 February	16	53			2	53	West Germany (FRG)
II	1980	Geilo, Norway	King Olav V of Norway	1–7 February	18	299			2	63	Norway (NOR)
III	1984	Innsbruck, Austria	President Rudolf Kirchschläger	14–20 January	21	419			3	107	Austria (AUT)
IV	1988	Innsbruck, Austria	President Kurt Waldheim	18–25 January	22	377			4	97	Norway (NOR)
V	1992	Tignes - Albertville, France	President François Mitterrand	25 March – 1 April	24	365	288	77	3	78	United States (USA)
VI	1994	Lillehammer, Norway	Queen Sonja of Norway	10–19 March	31	471			5	133	Norway (NOR)
VII	1998	Nagano, Japan	Crown Prince Naruhito	5–14 March	32	571			5	122	Norway (NOR)
VIII	2002	Salt Lake City, United States	President George W. Bush	7–16 March	36	416			4	92	Germany (GER)
IX	2006	Turin, Italy	President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi	10–19 March	39	486			5	58	Russia (RUS)
X	2010	Vancouver - Whistler, Canada	Governor General Michaëlle Jean	12–21 March	44	506			5	64	Germany (GER)
XI	2014	Sochi, Russia	President Vladimir Putin	7–16 March	45	550			6	72	Russia (RUS)
XII	2018	Pyeongchang, South Korea	President Moon Jae-in	9–18 March	49	569			6	80	United States (USA)
XIII	2022	Beijing, China		4–13 March					7	81
XIV	2026

See also

• Summer Paralympic Games

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Paralympics.

• Paralympic Link Directory


• Official IPC Website


• 
  Paralympics History By Susana Correia in Accessible Portugal Online Magazine