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Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc.

Type	Private
Industry	Roller coaster design
Founded	1988
Founder	Walter Bolliger Claude Mabillard
Headquarters	Monthey , Switzerland
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Walter Bolliger Claude Mabillard
Products	Stand-Up Coaster (1990 – ) Inverted Coaster (1992 – ) Sitting Coaster (1993 – ) Dive Coaster (1998 – ) Hyper Coaster (1999 – ) Floorless Coaster (1999 – ) Flying Coaster (2002 – ) Wing Coaster (2011 – ) Family Coaster (2014 – )[1]
Number of employees	37 (2012)
Website	Official website

Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc., and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, with Bolliger as president and Mabillard as vice-president.^[2] B&M has built over a hundred roller coasters around the world and pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster.^[3][4] In North America, B&M coaster designs have been manufactured by Ohio company Clermont Steel Fabricators since 1990.^[5][6][7] B&M has grown significantly since its founding, originally employing four to as many as 37 in 2012, consisting primarily of engineers and draftsmen.^[8] In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster.

History

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard started working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company who supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain. They also worked on other projects, such as Z-Force at Six Flags Great America.^[9] Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design, so the company's roller coasters, Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Titan at Six Flags Over Texas, use a track style very similar to B&M's.^[10][11]

An inverted model with the angled drop, common on inverted coasters, Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management; Bolliger & Mabillard decided to leave, and founded their own company.^[9] At the time, B&M employed four people; two draftsmen, Bolliger, and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions.^[12][13] However, Robert Mampe, Six Flags Great America's staff engineer, who had worked with both men during the construction of Z-Force, contacted the new company and asked it to reconfigure the cars for its Giavanola-built, Intamin bobsled coaster that was to be relocated from Six Flags Great Adventure.^[14] Following that project Mampe asked the new company to design and build a stand-up roller coaster for Six Flags Great America, similar to Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain.^[14] B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the impression of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators on Vortex at Kings Island and Shockwave Six Flags Great America, Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted and currently manufactures all Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster track pieces for all of North America.^[7] Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, Iron Wolf, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America.^[12][13] Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, Batman: The Ride, the world's first inverted roller coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.^[15][16]

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the Floorless Coaster,^[17] and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the Incredible Hulk, which is at Islands of Adventure. Although The Incredible Hulk uses a launch system, B&M classifies it as a "Sitting Coaster".^[18] In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named Raptor, at Gardaland in 2011.^[19] It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. There are currently only eight in operation.^[19] In 2015, B&M constructed Thunderbird at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.^[20]

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsmen and two draftswomen.^[12][13] The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the Psyclone, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's Colossus wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.^[21] In 2013, B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000.^[22][23] As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard has 85 operating roller coasters worldwide,^[3] twenty-two of which are listed among the Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012, and five are in the top 10. The company has built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the list.^[24]

Features

Raptor's cobra roll, a first for inverted roller coasters

Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures nine different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.^[1][25] Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel, and with designers and management of client theme parks.^[26][27]

Lift hills

Diagram comparing a standard lift hill and the B&M pre-drop lift hill.

Many Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce stress on the lift chain. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999.^[28][29]OzIris at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop.^[30] Ever since no coaster built by B&M has featured a pre-drop^[31][32] because the chain accelerates on newer coasters of B&M after the train passes the crest to acquire the same speed as the train when it is being taken over by gravity.^[33]

Trains

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, Griffon at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while Krake at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows.^[34] On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator at Carowinds and Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya at PortAventura Park, in the resort PortAventura World. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.^[22][23]

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" or "Clamshell" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to Behemoth and Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, and Intimidator at Carowinds, all of which have the stadium style seating.^[35] Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up, and Wing Coasters.^[36]

Track

CAD model of B&M's signature box-spined track

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a distinctive roaring sound, which is unique to this style of track. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as Talon at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, and GateKeeper at Cedar Point, the track is filled with a proprietary sound dampening material to reduce this noise.^[37]

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing, and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.^[7]

Brakes

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking system; friction, magnetic, and water.

Friction brakes

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted beneath the seating areas. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train.^[38] Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.^[39]

Magnetic brakes

Magnetic brakes were first used on Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2001.^[40] Magnetic brakes slow down trains much faster than friction brakes; most B&M roller coasters built in or after 2001 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Fins that run parallel to the train are fitted beneath the seats. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.^[41]

Water brakes

Water brakes were first introduced on SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005.^[42] Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.^[43]

List of roller coasters

Vortex at Carowinds, a Stand-up Coaster model

Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure, an Inverted Coaster model

Dragon Khan at PortAventura Park, a Sitting Coaster model

Oblivion at Alton Towers, a Dive Coaster model

Hydra at Dorney Park, a Floorless Coaster model

Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

Manta at SeaWorld Orlando, a Flying Coaster model

Raptor at Gardaland, first Wing Coaster model

As of 2018, Bolliger & Mabillard has built 115 roller coasters around the world.^[44] The Incredible Hulk and Dragon Challenge, both at |Universal Studios Islands of Adventure, were closed in 2015 and 2017 respectively. Hulk was scrapped so it could be rebuilt completely in 2016 and Dragon Challenge has been demolished so it can be replaced by an unknown coaster in 2019.^[45][46][47] Lightning at Kuwait Entertainment City is currently Standing But Not Operating due to its park being closed for a refurbishment. Some have been relocated and renamed.

Name	Model	Park	Country	Opened	Status	Ref
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	1992	Operating	[48]
Vortex	Stand-Up Coaster	Carowinds	United States	1992	Operating	[49]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	1993	Operating	[50]
Flight Deck Formerly Top Gun	Inverted Coaster	California's Great America	United States	1993	Operating	[51]
Kumba	Sitting Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	1993	Operating	[52]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	1994	Operating	[53]
Diavlo	Inverted Coaster	Himeji Central Park	Japan	1994	Operating	[54]
Nemesis	Inverted Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	1994	Operating	[55]
Raptor	Inverted Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	1994	Operating	[56]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags St. Louis	United States	1995	Operating	[57]
Dragon Khan	Sitting Coaster	PortAventura Park	Spain	1995	Operating	[58]
Montu	Inverted Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	1996	Operating	[59]
Alpengeist	Inverted Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	1997	Operating	[60]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	1997	Operating	[61]
Pyrenees	Inverted Coaster	Parque Espana-Shima Spain Village	Japan	1997	Operating	[62]
Great White	Inverted Coaster	SeaWorld San Antonio	United States	1997	Operating	[63]
Oblivion	Dive Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	1998	Operating	[64]
Great Bear	Inverted Coaster	Hersheypark	United States	1998	Operating	[65]
The Riddler's Revenge	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	1998	Operating	[66]
Afterburn Formerly Top Gun - The Jet Coaster	Inverted Coaster	Carowinds	United States	1999	Operating	[67]
Bizarro Formerly Medusa	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	1999	Operating	[68]
Incredible Hulk	Sitting Coaster	Universal Studios Islands of Adventure	United States	1999	Operating	[69]
Dragon Challenge Formerly Dueling Dragons	Inverted Coaster	Universal Studios Islands of Adventure	United States	1999	Removed	[70]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Over Texas	United States	1999	Operating	[71]
Raging Bull	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	1999	Operating	[72]
Georgia Scorcher	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	1999	Operating	[73]
Apollo's Chariot	Hyper Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	1999	Operating	[74]
Kraken	Floorless Coaster	SeaWorld Orlando	United States	2000	Operating	[75]
Medusa	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Discovery Kingdom	United States	2000	Operating	[76]
Katun	Inverted Coaster	Mirabilandia	Italy	2000	Operating	[77]
Superman: Krypton Coaster	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Fiesta Texas	United States	2000	Operating	[78]
Diving Machine G5	Dive Coaster	Janfusun Fancyworld	Taiwan	2000	Operating	[79]
Insane Speed	Floorless Coaster	Janfusun Fancyworld	Taiwan	2001	Operating	[80]
Nitro	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	2001	Operating	[81]
Talon	Inverted Coaster	Dorney Park	United States	2001	Operating	[82]
Wildfire	Sitting Coaster	Silver Dollar City	United States	2001	Operating	[83]
Galactica Formerly Air	Flying Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	2002	Operating	[84]
Batman: The Dark Knight	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags New England	United States	2002	Operating	[85]
Batman: Arkham Asylum Formerly Batman: La Fuga	Inverted Coaster	Parque Warner Madrid	Spain	2002	Operating	[86]
Silver Star	Hyper Coaster	Europa Park	Germany	2002	Operating	[87]
Superman: La Atracción de Acero	Floorless Coaster	Parque Warner Madrid	Spain	2002	Operating	[88]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	2002	Operating	[89]
Vampire	Inverted Coaster	La Ronde	Canada	2002	Operating	[90]
Nemesis Inferno	Inverted Coaster	Thorpe Park	United Kingdom	2003	Operating	[91]
Scream!	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	2003	Operating	[92]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	2003	Operating	[93]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	2003	Operating	[94]
Dæmonen	Floorless Coaster	Tivoli Gardens	Denmark	2004	Operating	[95]
Lightning	Inverted Coaster	Kuwait Entertainment City	Kuwait	2004	Closed	[96]
Silver Bullet	Inverted Coaster	Knott's Berry Farm	United States	2004	Operating	[97]
Hydra the Revenge	Floorless Coaster	Dorney Park	United States	2005	Operating	[98]
SheiKra	Dive Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	2005	Operating	[99]
Black Mamba	Inverted Coaster	Phantasialand	Germany	2006	Operating	[100]
Crystal Wing	Flying Coaster	Happy Valley Beijing	China	2006	Operating	[101]
Goliath	Hyper Coaster	La Ronde	Canada	2006	Operating	[102]
Goliath	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	2006	Operating	[103]
Patriot	Inverted Coaster	Worlds of Fun	United States	2006	Operating	[104]
Tatsu	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	2006	Operating	[105]
Griffon	Dive Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	2007	Operating	[106]
Hollywood Dream: The Ride	Hyper Coaster	Universal Studios Japan	Japan	2007	Operating	[107]
Phaethon	Inverted Coaster	Gyeongju World	South Korea	2007	Operating	[108]
Behemoth	Hyper Coaster	Canada's Wonderland	Canada	2008	Operating	[109]
Dive Coaster	Dive Coaster	Chimelong Paradise	China	2008	Operating	[110]
Dominator Formerly Batman: Knight Flight	Floorless Coaster	Kings Dominion Geauga Lake	United States	2008 2000 to 2007	Operating	[111] [112]
Goliath Formerly Batman: The Ride Formerly Gambit	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Fiesta Texas Six Flags New Orleans Thrill Valley	United States	2008 2003 to 2005 1995 to 2002	Operating	[113] [114] [115]
Diamondback	Hyper Coaster	Kings Island	United States	2009	Operating	[116]
Diving Coaster	Dive Coaster	Happy Valley Shanghai	China	2009	Operating	[117]
Manta	Flying Coaster	SeaWorld Orlando	United States	2009	Operating	[118]
Monster Formerly Orochi	Inverted Coaster	Walygator Parc Expoland	France	2010 1996 to 2007	Operating	[119] [120]
Intimidator	Hyper Coaster	Carowinds	United States	2010	Operating	[121]
Green Lantern Formerly Chang	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure Kentucky Kingdom	United States	2011 1997 to 2009	Operating	[122] [123]
Hair Raiser	Floorless Coaster	Ocean Park Hong Kong	China Hong Kong	2011	Operating	[124]
Krake	Dive Coaster	Heide Park	Germany	2011	Operating	[125]
Raptor	Wing Coaster	Gardaland	Italy	2011	Operating	[126]
Starry Sky Ripper Formerly Sky Scrapper	Flying Coaster	Joyland	China	2011	Operating	[127]
Leviathan	Hyper Coaster	Canada's Wonderland	Canada	2012	Operating	[128]
OzIris	Inverted Coaster	Parc Astérix	France	2012	Operating	[129]
Shambhala	Hyper Coaster	PortAventura Park	Spain	2012	Operating	[130]
Swarm	Wing Coaster	Thorpe Park	United Kingdom	2012	Operating	[131]
Wild Eagle	Wing Coaster	Dollywood	United States	2012	Operating	[132]
X-Flight	Wing Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	2012	Operating	[133]
GateKeeper	Wing Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2013	Operating	[134]
Nitro	Floorless Coaster	Adlabs Imagica	India	2013	Operating	[135]
Banshee	Inverted Coaster	Kings Island	United States	2014	Operating	[136]
Parrot Coaster Formerly Flying over the Rainforest	Wing Coaster	Chimelong Ocean Kingdom	China	2014	Operating	[137]
Flug der Dämonen	Wing Coaster	Heide Park	Germany	2014	Operating	[138]
Family Inverted Coaster	Family Inverted Coaster	Happy Valley Shanghai	China	2014	Operating	[139]
Harpy	Flying Coaster	Xishuangbanna Theme Park	China	2015	Operating	[140]
Rougarou Formerly Mantis	Floorless Coaster Formerly Stand-Up Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2015 1996 to 2014	Operating	[141]
Acrobat	Flying Coaster	Nagashima Spa Land	Japan	2015	Operating	[142]
Thunderbird	Wing Coaster	Holiday World	United States	2015	Operating	[143]
Oblivion: The Black Hole	Dive Coaster	Gardaland	Italy	2015	Operating	[144]
Baron 1898	Dive Coaster	Efteling	Netherlands	2015	Operating	[145]
Fury 325	Hyper Coaster	Carowinds	United States	2015	Operating	[146]
Mako	Hyper Coaster	SeaWorld Orlando	United States	2016	Operating	[147]
The Flying Dinosaur	Flying Coaster	Universal Studios Japan	Japan	2016	Operating	[148]
Valravn	Dive Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2016	Operating	[149]
Dragon's Run Formerly Time Machine Formerly Led Zeppelin - The Ride	Sitting Coaster	Dragon Park Ha Long Freestyle Music Park Hard Rock Park	Vietnam	2017 2009 2008	Operating	[150] [151]
Patriot Formerly Vortex	Floorless Coaster Formerly Stand-Up Coaster	California's Great America	United States	2017 1991 to 2016	Operating	[152]
Flying Wing Coaster	Wing Coaster	Happy Valley Chongqing	China	2017	Operating	[153]
Draken	Dive Coaster	Gyeongju World	South Korea	2018	Operating	[154]
Western Regions Heaven	Dive Coaster	Happy Valley Chengdu	China	2018	Operating	[155]
Valkyria	Dive Coaster	Liseberg	Sweden	2018	Operating	[156]
Family Inverted Coaster	Family Inverted Coaster	Happy Valley Beijing	China	2018	Operating	[157]
Wing Coaster	Wing Coaster	Colourful Yunnan Happy World	China	2018	Operating	[158]
Fēnix	Wing Coaster	Toverland	Netherlands	2018	Operating	[159]
Heaven's Wing	Wing Coaster	Huayi Brothers Movie World	China	2018	Under construction	[160]
Yukon Striker	Dive Coaster	Canada's Wonderland	Canada	2019	Under construction	[161]
Firebird Formerly Apocalypse Formerly Iron Wolf	Floorless Coaster Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags America Six Flags Great America	United States	2019 2012 to 2018 1990 to 2011	Under Construction	[162] [163]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Hot Go Dreamworld	China	2019	Under construction	[164]
Unknown	Hyper Coaster	Hot Go Dreamworld	China	2019	Under construction	[165]
Music Roller Coaster	Hyper Coaster	Happy Valley Beijing	China	2019	Under construction	[166]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Wanda City Wuxi	China	2019	Under construction	[167]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Happy Valley Nanjing	China	2019	Under construction	[168]
Unknown	Hyper Coaster	Hersheypark	United States	2020	Under construction	[169]
Unknown	Inverted Coaster	Gröna Lund	Sweden	2021	Under construction	[170]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bolliger & Mabillard.

• Official website


• Listing of B&M rides at the Roller Coaster DataBase