Port Colborne
Port Colborne | |
|---|---|
City (lower-tier) | |
| City of Port Colborne | |
![Former bank building on West Street in Port Colborne[1]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PortColborneBank.jpg/250px-PortColborneBank.jpg) Former bank building on West Street in Port Colborne[1] | |
| Motto(s): "Gateway to Navigation"[2] | |
 Location of Port Colborne in the Niagara Region | |
  Port Colborne Location in southern Ontario | |
| Coordinates: 42°53′N 79°15′W / 42.883°N 79.250°W / 42.883; -79.250Coordinates: 42°53′N 79°15′W / 42.883°N 79.250°W / 42.883; -79.250 | |
| Country |  Canada |
| Province |  Ontario |
| Region | Niagara |
| Settled | 1830s |
| Incorporated | 1870 (village) |
| 1966 (city) | |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Bill Steeele |
| • MP | Vance Badawey (Liberal) |
| • MPP | Cindy Forster (NDP) |
| Area [3] | |
| • Land | 121.96 km2 (47.09 sq mi) |
| Elevation [4] | 175.30 m (575.13 ft) |
| Population (2016)[3] | |
| • Total | 18,306 |
| • Density | 150.1/km2 (389/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Port Colbornite |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Forward Sortation Area | L3K |
| Area code(s) | 905, 289, 365 |
GNBC Code | FCHYP[5] |
| Website | portcolborne.ca |
Port Colborne (2016 population 18,306) is a city on Lake Erie, at the southern end of the Welland Canal, in the Niagara Region of southern Ontario, Canada. The original settlement, known as Gravelly Bay, dates from 1832 [6] and was renamed after Sir John Colborne, a British war hero and the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada at the time of the opening of the (new) southern terminus of the First Welland Canal in 1833.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Environmental concerns
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 Communities
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 Arts and culture
6 Attractions
7 Education
8 Notable people
9 References
10 External links
History
In pre-colonial times, the Neutral Indians lived in the area, due in part to the ready availability of flint and chert from outcroppings on the Onondaga Escarpment.[7] This advantage was diminished by the introduction of firearms by European traders, and they were driven out by the Iroquois around 1650 as part of the Beaver Wars.
Originally called Gravelly Bay, after the shallow, bedrock-floored bay upon which it sits, the modern City of Port Colborne traces its roots back to the United Empire Loyalist settlements that grew up in the area following the American Revolution. Growth became focused around the southern terminus of the Welland Canal after it was extended to reach Lake Erie in 1833. As the population rose, Port Colborne was incorporated as a village in 1870, became a town in 1918, merged with the neighbouring Village of Humberstone in 1952, and was re-incorporated as a city in 1966. In 1970, Niagara Region municipal restructuring added Humberstone Township, further expanding the city.[8][9]
Sometime during the 1880s, American tourists from the Southern states began building vacation homes on the lakeshore of the Western edge of the town. Before long, an entire gated community of vacationers from the South called Port Colborne their home during the summer months.[10] Today, the picturesque street of Tennessee Avenue is still home to many of these original vacation homes and buildings, as well as the original stone and wrought iron resort gates. The street boasts some immaculately maintained examples of late 19th and early 20th century Southern architecture.
Port Colborne was one of the hardest hit communities during the Blizzard of 1977. Thousands of people were stranded when the city was paralyzed during the storm, and the incident remains one of significance to the local population.[11]
Environmental concerns
Emissions from Inco's base metal refinery, closed in 1984, resulted in soils contaminated with concentrations of nickel, copper and cobalt above the Ontario Ministry of the Environment's "soil remediation criteria."[12] However, two studies, one in 1997 and another in 1999 found "[no] adverse health effects which may have resulted from environmental exposures."[12] After a series of public meetings between the City, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and Inco, it was decided to perform a Community-Based Risk Assessment, a process designed to determine whether the contamination poses a threat to the current, past, or future residents of Port Colborne, and what Inco must do to clean up the contaminated areas.[13]
Some residents launched a Class-Action Lawsuit against Inco in 2001[14][15] seeking $750 million in damages to health, property value, and quality-of-life. Although this suit failed to be certified in 2002,[16][17] it was subsequently modified to limit the class, and focus solely on devaluation of property[18] and was certified on appeal on November 18, 2005.[19][20] A timeline of the case has been written from the point of view of the plaintiffs.[21]
On July 6, 2010, the Ontario Supreme Court sided with the residents and awarded more than 7,000 households in Port Colborne a total of $36 million. Households in the Rodney Street area, in the shadow of the nickel refinery, were each awarded $23,000 while those living on the east and west sides of Port Colborne were each awarded $9,000 and $2,500 respectively.[22] Vale appealed the ruling to the Ontario Court of Appeal, who found in 2010 that the plaintiff had not provided sufficient evidence of economic harm, raising the legal burden of proof but not invalidating Rylands v Fletcher as precedent law.[23][24][25] In April 2012 the Supreme Court of Canada sided with Vale and denied the residents the awarded compensation.[26][27] Court costs in the amount of CAD$1,766,000 were awarded the defendant by Henderson, J.[21]
Geography
Climate
| Climate data for Port Colborne (1981−2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59) | 16.0 (60.8) | 24.0 (75.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.5 (92.3) | 35.0 (95) | 33.0 (91.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 27.2 (81) | 20.0 (68) | 18.0 (64.4) | 35.0 (95) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 0.6 (33.1) | 4.8 (40.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 17.9 (64.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 21.3 (70.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | 13.0 (55.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) | −2.9 (26.8) | 0.8 (33.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 13.2 (55.8) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.3 (70.3) | 17.4 (63.3) | 11.0 (51.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | −0.4 (31.3) | 9.2 (48.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −6.9 (19.6) | −6.5 (20.3) | −3.2 (26.2) | 2.4 (36.3) | 8.5 (47.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.8 (64) | 17.2 (63) | 13.4 (56.1) | 7.3 (45.1) | 2.2 (36) | −3.4 (25.9) | 5.3 (41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26 (−15) | −25 (−13) | −24 (−11) | −11.5 (11.3) | −3.5 (25.7) | 2.2 (36) | 6.0 (42.8) | 5.0 (41) | −0.5 (31.1) | −6.1 (21) | −11.5 (11.3) | −26 (−15) | −26 (−15) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.1 (2.878) | 57.0 (2.244) | 66.8 (2.63) | 76.1 (2.996) | 89.7 (3.531) | 78.9 (3.106) | 82.2 (3.236) | 82.5 (3.248) | 98.0 (3.858) | 90.4 (3.559) | 100.9 (3.972) | 88.8 (3.496) | 984.6 (38.764) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 32.5 (1.28) | 26.9 (1.059) | 46.6 (1.835) | 71.9 (2.831) | 89.1 (3.508) | 78.9 (3.106) | 82.2 (3.236) | 82.5 (3.248) | 98.0 (3.858) | 89.7 (3.531) | 95.2 (3.748) | 53.2 (2.094) | 846.8 (33.339) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 40.5 (15.94) | 30.1 (11.85) | 20.2 (7.95) | 4.2 (1.65) | 0.6 (0.24) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.8 (0.31) | 5.8 (2.28) | 35.6 (14.02) | 137.7 (54.21) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 15.2 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 15.1 | 14.9 | 153.2 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 6.2 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 9.0 | 127.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 9.6 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.08 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 1.9 | 7.1 | 31.3 |
| Source: Environment Canada.[4] | |||||||||||||
Communities
Communities within the city include:
- Bethel - Chippawa Road and Yeger Road
- Cedar Bay - Cedar Bay Road and Vimy Road
- East Village
- Lidsville
- Elco Beach - Wyldewood Road and Fireland 15
- Gasline - Pinecrest Road and Vimy Road
- Humberstone - Killaly Street and Highway 3
- Lorraine - Weaver Road and Firelane 1
- Nickel Beach - foot of Lake Road
- Pine Crest Point - Pincrest Road and Firelane 2
- Pleasant Beach
- Sherkston
- Sherkston Beaches
- Shisler Point
- Silver Bay
- Sugar Loaf Point/Sugar Loaf Marina - west side of Gravelly Bay
Demographics
| Port Colborne | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1871 | 1,500 | — |
| 1901 | 1,253 | −16.5% |
| 1911 | 1,624 | +29.6% |
| 1921 | 3,415 | +110.3% |
| 1931 | 6,503 | +90.4% |
| 1941 | 6,928 | +6.5% |
| 1951 | 8,275 | +19.4% |
| 1961 | 14,886 | +79.9% |
| 1971 | 21,420 | +43.9% |
| 1981 | 19,225 | −10.2% |
| 1991 | 18,766 | −2.4% |
| 2001 | 18,450 | −1.7% |
| 2006 | 18,599 | +0.8% |
| 2011 | 18,424 | −0.9% |
| 2016 | 18,306 | −0.6% |
| Canada census – Port Colborne community profile | |||
|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2011 | 2006 | |
| Population: | 18,306 (-0.6% from 2011) | 18,424 (-0.9% from 2006) | 18,599 (+0.8% from 2001) |
| Land area: | 121.96 km2 (47.09 sq mi) | 121.97 km2 (47.09 sq mi) | 121.97 km2 (47.09 sq mi) |
| Population density: | 150.1/km2 (389/sq mi) | 151.1/km2 (391/sq mi) | 152.5/km2 (395/sq mi) |
| Median age: | 47.5 (M: 46.4, F: 48.6) | 44.9 (M: 43.5, F: 46.1) | |
| Total private dwellings: | 9,825 | 10,083 | 8,519 |
| Median household income: | $49,404 | ||
| References: 2016[28] 2011[29] 2006[30] earlier[31] | |||
- N/A = Data Not available
Economy
Maritime commerce, including supplying goods to the camps for the labourers who worked on the first canal, ship repair and the provisioning trade, was, and still is, an important part of Port Colborne's economy. Like other cities in the region, Port Colborne was a heavily industrial city throughout most of the early 20th century. A grain elevator, two modern flour mills,[32][33] a Vale nickel refinery,[34] a cement plant operated by Port Colborne Canada Cement, and a blast furnace operated by Algoma Steel were all major employers. However, several of these operations have closed over the past thirty years,[when?] while those companies that remain now employ significantly fewer residents due to modernization and cutbacks.[citation needed]
In more recent years,[when?] Port Colborne has been successful attracting new industry, such as the agro-business operations of Casco Inc.[35] and Jungbunzlauer,[36] which process corn into products such as sweeteners and citric acid.
The International Nickel Company (now Vale) has long been one of the city's main employers, since the opening of a refinery in 1918. Taking advantage of inexpensive hydroelectricity from generating stations at nearby Niagara Falls, the refinery produced electro-refined nickel for the war effort, and grew to employ over 2,000 workers by the 1950s. Cutbacks in operations and increasing factory automation have reduced the workforce to its present-day (2018) total of 170.[37]
Marine Recycling Corporation is a ship recycling firm, boasting of Green (environmentally friendly) services, located next to the Welland Canal at Gravelly Bay and operating since the 1970s.
[38]
A 2012 report indicates the following as the largest private sector employers, with a staff of over 50, in Port Colborne at that time:[39]
- Port Colborne Poultry (Pinty's Delicious Foods), 229 employees
- Vale Canada Limited, 200
- J. Oskam Steel Fabricators Ltd., 150
- IMT Partnership, 108
- ADM Milling, 95
- Thurston Machine Co. Ltd., 85
- JTL Machine Ltd., 78
- Jungbunzlauer Canada Inc., 74
- Brennan Paving Ltd., 70
- Ingredion Canada Inc., 70
Arts and culture
Port Colborne hosts the annual Canal Days festival in recognition of the important role played by the Welland Canal in the history of the city. Originating as a small fair held at the Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum, it has grown to feature live music, an antique car show, fireworks, tall ships, a kite festival, and international foods. The festival also highlights Lock 8, which at 420 m (1,380 ft), is one of the world's longest canal locks.[40] Lock 8 keeps the water level on the Welland Canal constant independent of weather on Lake Erie. Hence the ships are only raised or lowered one to four feet depending on the current water level in Lake Erie. Much of the festival centres around West St., which runs parallel to the canal, and offers a view of the Clarence St. Bridge, built in 1929, one of very few remaining lift bridges on the canal.[citation needed]
The Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum, located near the centre of town, is a resource for local history and archival research. In addition to a collection of historic buildings and artifacts, it opened the "Marie Semley Research Wing" to foster research into local history, named to commemorate the long-standing efforts of a local resident who devoted hours to the museum.[citation needed]
The community features theatre venues with the professional Showboat Festival Theatre and the amateur Port Colborne Operatic Society.[41] The company has been presenting annual productions since its inception in 1945.
The Port Colborne Lions Club, chartered in 1922, is one of the world's oldest Lions Clubs, and one of Canada's oldest service clubs in continuous operation.[42] The club is still active within the community, hosting many yearly events including an annual Lions Club Carnival in the summer.[43]
Kinnear House is a local heritage property associated with the jurist Helen Kinnear, the first woman in Canada to be appointed judge by the federal government, or to appear as counsel before the Supreme Court.[citation needed]
The "incredible shrinking mill" is an optical illusion produced when viewing the federal grain elevator in Port Colborne. When travelling east on Lakeshore Road, the mill appears to move farther away as one drives closer.[44]
Attractions
Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum
Welland Canal in Port Colborne
Tourism is important to the Port Colborne's economy, aided by the city's proximity to Lake Erie beaches and marinas, and to Niagara Falls. In 2015, Port Colborne formed The Tourism and Marketing Advisory Committee to provide advice and recommendations for increasing this aspect of the economy.[45] Described by the city as "Niagara's South Coast", Port Colborne features live theatre, golfing, trails, fishing, beaches, restaurants, recreation, a marina, and shopping districts along the Welland Canal.[46]
Notable sites in Port Colborne include:[47]
- The Welland Canal
- Port Colborne Port Promenade
- The Friendship Trail
- HH Knoll Lakeview Park
- The Welland Canals Parkways Trail
- Nickel Beach
- Lock 8 Gateway Park
- Sugarloaf Harbour Marina
- Historical and Marine Museum
Education
There are two high schools in Port Colborne, Port Colborne High School (commonly called Port High) and the Lakeshore Catholic High School (formerly a public high school called Lockview Park Secondary School). Lockview closed in 1987.
Notable people
Tony Dekker, singer/songwriter of folk band Great Lake Swimmers
Ted 'Teeder' Kennedy, NHL hockey player
Helen Kinnear, first woman appointed judge by the federal government
Joseph "Bronco" Horvath, NHL hockey player
Melissa McIntyre, actress (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
Don Simmons, NHL hockey player
Lynton 'Red' Wilson, former CEO of BCE Inc., chancellor of McMaster University, and officer of the Order of Canada
DeFranco Family, 1970s pop group
Francis William "Dinty" Moore, goaltender for the 1936 Canadian men's Olympic hockey team- Lieutenant Colonel Russell Lambert Boyle, Commanding Officer of the 10th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force. Killed at the 2nd Battle of Ypres, April 1915.
Alexis Davis, mixed martial artist
Elmer Iseler, choral conductor
Matt Craven, actor
References
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External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Colborne, Ontario. |
 | Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Port Colborne. |
- Official website
Places adjacent to Port Colborne | ||||||||||
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Port Colborne
