General aviation





General aviation aircraft at Cheb Airport


General aviation (GA) is all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire.[1] General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to rotorcraft and corporate business jets. The majority of the world's air traffic falls into this category, and most of the world's airports serve general aviation exclusively.[2]


General aviation covers a large range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing, and aircraft maintenance. It includes recreational flying for sport or pleasure, as well as aircraft homebuilding[3] and aviation for means of philanthropy.[4][5]




Contents





  • 1 Globally

    • 1.1 Europe

      • 1.1.1 United Kingdom



    • 1.2 In North America



  • 2 Regulation and safety


  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links




Globally




The GA Cessna 172 is the most produced aircraft in history[6]




The Cirrus SR22, a popular modern GA aircraft




General aviation aircraft at Helsinki-Malmi Airport, Finland




The General Aviation Terminal at Raleigh-Durham International Airport



Europe


Main article: General aviation in Europe

In 2003 the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was established as the central EU regulator, taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities.[7]



United Kingdom


Main article: General aviation in the United Kingdom

Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,[8] 96 percent are engaged in GA operations, and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1.25 and 1.35 million hours flown. There are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities. GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips.


GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, and the objective is to promote high standards of safety.



In North America


General aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft (around 5,200 airports in the U.S., and over 1,000 in Canada[9]). In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U.S.[10] According to the U.S. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States' GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing.[11]



Regulation and safety


Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, adhering to the standardized codes of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Examples include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in the United Kingdom, Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ) in Zimbabwe, the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA) in Germany, the Bundesamt für Zivilluftfahrt in Switzerland, Transport Canada in Canada, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) in Australia, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in India and Iran Civil Aviation Organization in Iran.


Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. According to the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, in 2005 general aviation in the United States (excluding charter) suffered 1.31 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours of flying in that country, compared to 0.016 for scheduled airline flights.[12] In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours.[13] More experienced GA pilots appear generally safer, although the relations between flight hours, accident frequency, and accident rates are complex and often difficult to assess.[14][15][16]



See also





  • Environmental impact of aviation

  • List of current production certified light aircraft

Associations
  • Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association

  • Canadian Owners and Pilots Association

  • Experimental Aircraft Association

  • General Aviation Manufacturers Association

  • National Business Aviation Association


References




  1. ^ "Glossary". Transport Canada. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ iaopa.org, "What is GA?" Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 17 November 2012


  3. ^ Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, pp. 238–239. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
    ISBN 1-56027-287-2


  4. ^ "Guide to Charitable/Nonprofit/Community event sightseeing flights". AOPA. Retrieved September 24, 2018.


  5. ^ "Aviation Charities". Flying. April 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2018.


  6. ^ Robert Goyer (January 19, 2012). "Cessna 172: Still Relevant". Retrieved September 21, 2018.


  7. ^ "5". Strategic Review of General Aviation in the UK (PDF). CAA. July 2006. pp. 52–53, paras. 5.18–5.24. Retrieved 19 December 2016.


  8. ^ "UK Registered Aircraft January 2010" (PDF). CAA. Retrieved 19 December 2016.


  9. ^ Nav Canada: Canada Flight Supplement - Canada and North Atlantic Terminal and Enroute Data Nav Canada, 2010.


  10. ^ FAA Administrator's Fact Book (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. March 2010. p. 16.


  11. ^ AOPA USA's General Aviation website Archived 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine..


  12. ^ "NTSB accident rates by flying category" (PDF). Ntsb.gov. Retrieved 19 December 2016.


  13. ^ "Aviation Safety Program Manual for the Civil Aviation Directorate". Tc.gc.ca. 2015-12-31. Retrieved 19 December 2016.


  14. ^ Knecht, WR (2012). DOT/FAA/AM-12/15 "Predicting general aviation accident frequency from pilot total flight hours" (Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.


  15. ^ Knecht, WR (2015). "The 'killing zone' revisited: Serial nonlinearities predict general aviation accident rates from pilot total flight hours". Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 50–56.


  16. ^ Knecht, WR (2015). DOT/FAA/AM-15/3 "Predicting accident rates from general aviation pilot total flight hours" (Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.



External links






  • International Aircraft Owners and Pilots Associations

  • European General Aviation Safety Team (EGAST)


  • "No Plane No Gain" site about business aviation

  • Save-GA.org Site concerned with General Aviation in the United States


  • "GA price index". Flight International. 13 Oct 1979.








-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

How to read a connectionString WITH PROVIDER in .NET Core?

圖片
6 I added .AddJsonFile("Connections.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true) in public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env) Connections.json contains: "ConnectionStrings": "DefaultConnection": "Server=(localdb)\mssqllocaldb;Database=DATABASE;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true", "COR-W81-101": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=P61_CAFM_Basic;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "COR-W81-100": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=Post_PS;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "MSEDGEWIN10": "Data Source=DATASOURCE; Initial Catalog=COR_Basic; Persist Security Info=False;Integrated Security=true;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;Application Name="COR_Basic"", "server...
閱讀完整內容

Node.js Script on GitHub Pages or Amazon S3

圖片
0 I'm wondering if I can run a Node.js script in my Jekyll page from GitHub Pages or Amazon S3? I think it can't run on GitHub Pages since it doesn't support server side code. Not too sure. The code is below: var Airtable = require('airtable'); var base = new Airtable(apiKey: 'YOUR_API_KEY').base('appAnZVyYqusNPV5Q'); base('Invitee list').select( // Selecting the first 3 records in Complete list: maxRecords: 3, view: "Complete list" ).eachPage(function page(records, fetchNextPage) // This function (`page`) will get called for each page of records. records.forEach(function(record) console.log('Retrieved', record.get('Email')); ); // To fetch the next page of records, call `fetchNextPage`. // If there are more records, `page` will get called again. // If there are no more records, `done` will get called. fetchNextPage(); , function done(err) if (err) console.error(err); return; ); node.js ...
閱讀完整內容

Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto

圖片
Art museum in Rovereto TN, Italy Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto MART, Entrance Location Corso Angelo Bettini, 43, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy Coordinates 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Coordinates: 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Type Art museum Director Gianfranco Maraniello Public transit access Trento train station. Taxis outside station. Website mart.trento.it The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) ( Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto , in Italian) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de...
閱讀完整內容