Agriolimacidae















Agriolimacidae
Temporal range: Pleistocene–Recent[1]

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Slak kleine naaktslak.jpg
The largest slug in the image is an individual of Deroceras reticulatum

Scientific classification
Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Mollusca

Class:

Gastropoda

(unranked):

clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra
clade limacoid clade

Superfamily:

Limacoidea

Family:

Agriolimacidae


H. Wagner, 1935


Diversity[2][3][2]

6 genera, about 135 species (123 species in Deroceras + at least 12 other species)

Agriolimacidae is a family of small and medium-sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.




Contents





  • 1 Distribution


  • 2 Anatomy


  • 3 Taxonomy


  • 4 Genera


  • 5 Cladogram


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links




Distribution


Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic,[1] this include: Nearctic, western Palearctic and eastern Palearctic.[4]


Agriolimacidae is the largest slug family, some are introduced all over the world, synanthropes are often severe pests.[1]




This view of the right side of Deroceras praecox clearly shows the position of its pneumostome.



Anatomy


Most slugs in the family Agriolimacidae are rather small; only a few (in the genera Mesolimax and Krynickillus) are larger. Most are not more than 50 mm long.[1] The mantle is usually large, occupying approximately 1/3 of the entire body length, situated in the anterior part of the body.[1] The pneumostome is clearly postmedial.[1] The surface of the mantle in living slugs is covered in concentric, mobile wrinkles.[1] In addition sometimes there is a shallow, poorly defined groove which runs above the pneumostome on the right side, not passing to the left.[1]


The penis is short, usually bag-shaped, often with external appendages, inside with different stimulatory organs.[1] No tubular membrane encircles the penis and vas deferens.[1] The penis retractor muscle is situated beside the right tentacle.[1]


In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[5]



Taxonomy


The following two subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):


  • subfamily Agriolimacinae H. Wagner, 1935 - synonym: Deroceratinae Magne, 1952

  • subfamily Mesolimacinae Hausdorf, 1998


Genera


Genera within the family Agriolimacidae include:


subfamily Agriolimacinae



  • Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820 - type genus described as Agriolimax Mörch, 1865


  • Furcopenis Castillejo & Wiktor, 1983


  • Krynickillus Kaleniczenko, 1851

subfamily Mesolimacinae



  • Mesolimax Pollonera, 1888

    • Mesolimax brauni Pollonera, 1888

subfamily ?



  • Lytopelte Boettger, 1886


  • Megalopelte Lindholm, 1914


Cladogram


A cladogram showing the phylogenic relationships of this family to other families within the limacoid clade:[4]


.mw-parser-output table.cladeborder-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto.mw-parser-output table.clade table.cladewidth:100%.mw-parser-output table.clade tdborder:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-labelwidth:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabelborder:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-barvertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafborder:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafRborder:0;padding:0;text-align:right


 limacoid clade 






 Staffordioidea 

Staffordiidae


 
 






 






 Dyakioidea 

Dyakiidae


 
 Gastrodontoidea 






 

Pristilomatidae


 
 








 

Chronidae


 
 






 

Euconulidae


 
 

Trochomorphidae


 
 
 






 

Gastrodontidae


 
 

Oxychilidae


 
 
 
 
 
 






 Parmacelloidea 








 

Trigonochlamydidae


 
 

Parmacellidae


 
 

Milacidae


 
 
 






 






 Zonitoidea 

Zonitidae


 
 Helicarionoidea 






 

Helicarionidae


 
 






 

Ariophantidae


 
 

Urocyclidae


 
 
 
 
 Limacoidea 






 

Vitrinidae


 
 






 

Boettgerillidae


 
 






 

Limacidae


 
 

Agriolimacidae


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


References


This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[1]




  1. ^ abcdefghijkl "Family summary for Agriolimacidae". AnimalBase, last change 23-05-2010, accessed 4 August 2010


  2. ^ ab "Genera in family Agriolimacidae" [n = 6]. AnimalBase, accessed 10 September 2010.


  3. ^ Wiktor, A. (2000). "Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): a systematic monograph". Annales Zoologici 49: 347-590. abstract


  4. ^ ab Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". Journal of Biogeography 27(2): 379-390. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00403.x, JSTOR.


  5. ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
    ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.





External links





  • Slugs of Florida on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site







這個網誌中的熱門文章

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Channel Islands

Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem