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King Umberto I
; Styles of; King Umberto I;
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty
Alternative style	Sir

Full name
	Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia

Umberto I
Umberto I
	; Portrait of Umberto I in 1887;
; King of Italy .mw-parser-output .noboldfont-weight:normal; (more...);
Reign	9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900
Predecessor	Victor Emmanuel II
Successor	Victor Emmanuel III
Prime Ministers	; See list; ; Agostino Depretis; Benedetto Cairoli; Francesco Crispi; Antonio Starabba; Giovanni Giolitti; Luigi Pelloux; Giuseppe Saracco; ;
Born	14 March 1844; Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia;
Died	29 July 1900(1900-07-29) (aged 56); Monza, Kingdom of Italy;
Burial	Pantheon, Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Consort	Margherita of Savoy
Issue	Victor Emmanuel III
Full name
	Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia
House	Savoy
Father	Victor Emmanuel II
Mother	Adelaide of Austria
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Umberto I (Italian: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900), nicknamed the Good (Italian: il Buono), was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his assassination on 29 July 1900.

Umberto's reign saw Italy attempt colonial expansion into the Horn of Africa, successfully gaining Eritrea and Somalia despite being defeated by Abyssinia at the Battle of Adowa in 1896. In 1882, he approved the Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.

He was deeply loathed in leftist circles because of his conservatism and support of the Bava-Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was especially hated by anarchists, who attempted an assassination on him during the first year of his reign. He was killed by another anarchist, Gaetano Bresci, two years after the Bava-Beccaris massacre.

Youth

Umberto I.

Umberto I depicted on a 100 lira gold coin (1891)

The son of Victor Emmanuel II and Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, on 14 March 1844,^[1] his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini.^[1]

From March 1858, he had a military career in the Sardinian army, beginning with the rank of captain.^[1] Umberto took part in the Italian Wars of Independence: he was present at the battle of Solferino in 1859, and in 1866 commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at Custoza.^[1]

Because of the upheaval the Savoys caused to a number of other royal houses (all the Italian ones, and those related closely to them, such as the Bourbons of Spain and France) in 1859–60, only a minority of royal families in the 1860s were willing to establish relations with the newly founded Italian royal family. It proved difficult to find any royal bride for either of the sons of king Victor Emmanuel II. (His younger son Amedeo, Umberto's brother, married ultimately a Piedmontese subject, princess Vittoria of Cisterna.) Their conflict with the papacy did not help these matters. Not many eligible Catholic royal brides were easily available for young Umberto.

At first, Umberto was to marry Archduchess Mathilde of Austria, a scion of a remote sideline of the Austrian imperial house; however, she died as the result of an accident at the age of 18. On 21 April 1868, Umberto married his first cousin, Margherita Teresa Giovanna, Princess of Savoy.^[1] Their only son was Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples.^[1] While Umberto was to be described by a modern historian as "a colorless and physically unimpressive man, of limited intellect" Margherita's appearance, cultural interests and strong personality were to enhance the popularity of the monarchy.^[2]

Reign

Accession to the throne and first assassination attempt

Ascending the throne on the death of his father (9 January 1878), Umberto adopted the title "Umberto I of Italy" rather than "Umberto IV"^[1] (of Savoy), and consented that the remains of his father should be interred at Rome in the Pantheon, rather than the royal mausoleum of Basilica of Superga.^[1] While on a tour of the kingdom, accompanied by Queen Margherita and the Prime Minister Benedetto Cairoli, he was attacked with a dagger by an anarchist, Giovanni Passannante, during a parade in Naples on 17 November 1878. The King warded off the blow with his sabre, but Cairoli, in attempting to defend him, was severely wounded in the thigh.^[1] The would-be assassin was condemned to death,^[1] even though the law only allowed the death penalty if the King was killed. The King commuted the sentence to one of penal servitude for life,^[1] which was served in a cell only 1.4 meters (4 ft 7 in) high, without sanitation and with 18 kilograms (40 lb) of chains. Passanante would later die in a psychiatric institution.^[3]

Foreign policy

The Royal family of King Umberto I

In foreign policy Umberto I approved the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany, repeatedly visiting Vienna and Berlin. Many in Italy, however, viewed with hostility an alliance with their former Austrian enemies, who were still occupying areas claimed by Italy.

Umberto was also favorably disposed towards the policy of colonial expansion inaugurated in 1885 by the occupation of Massawa^[1] in Eritrea. Italy expanded into Somalia in the 1880s as well. Umberto I was suspected of aspiring to a vast empire in north-east Africa, a suspicion which tended somewhat to diminish his popularity after the disastrous Battle of Adowa in Ethiopia on 1 March 1896.^[1]

In the summer of 1900, Italian forces were part of the Eight-Nation Alliance which participated in the Boxer Rebellion in Imperial China. Through the Boxer Protocol, signed after Umberto's death, the Kingdom of Italy gained a concession territory in Tientsin.

Umberto's attitude towards the Holy See was uncompromising. In an 1886 telegram, he declared Rome "untouchable" and affirmed the permanence of the Italian possession of the "Eternal City".^[1]

Turmoil

Umberto I in his later years.

The reign of Umberto I was a time of social upheaval, though it was later claimed to have been a tranquil belle époque. Social tensions mounted as a consequence of the relatively recent occupation of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, the spread of socialist ideas, public hostility to the colonialist plans of the various governments, especially Crispi's, and the numerous crackdowns on civil liberties. The protesters included the young Benito Mussolini, then a member of the socialist party. On 22 April 1897, Umberto I was attacked again, by an unemployed ironsmith, Pietro Acciarito, who tried to stab him near Rome.

Bava-Beccaris massacre

During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on 7 May 1898, the city of Milan was put under military rule by General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris, who ordered rifle-fire and artillery against the demonstrators. As a result, 82 people were killed according to the authorities, with opposition sources claiming that the death toll was 400 dead with 2,000 wounded.^[4] King Umberto sent a telegram to congratulate Bava-Beccaris on the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion.

Assassination

Gaetano Bresci, the killer of Umberto I

Tomb of Umberto I at the Pantheon

On the evening of 29 July 1900, Umberto was assassinated in Monza. The king was shot four times by Italo-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the riots of May 1898.^[5]

Umberto was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August 1900.^[1] He was the last Savoy to be buried there, as his son and successor Victor Emmanuel III died in exile and was buried in Egypt until his remains were transferred to Vicoforte near Turin in 2017.

American anarchist Leon F. Czolgosz claimed that the assassination of Umberto I was his inspiration to kill U. S. President William McKinley in September 1901.

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles

14 March 1844 – 23 March 1849: His Royal Highness Prince Umberto of Savoy

23 March 1849 – 9 January 1878: His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont

9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900: His Majesty The King of Italy

Titles as King of Italy

From 1860 to 1946, the following titles were used by the King of Italy:

Umberto the First, by the Grace of God, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, del Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero e Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane e Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara.

Honours

Italian

Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Grand Master of the Military Order of Savoy

Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy

Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy

Gold Medal of Military Valour (1866)^[6]

Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars

Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy

Foreign

Austria-Hungary:
- Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1869)^[7]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (1875)^[8]

Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (19 August 1863)^[9]

German Empire: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle

Kingdom of Hawaii: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I (1878)

Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (14 March 1862)

United Kingdom: Knight of the Order of the Garter (16 March 1878)^[10]

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Umberto I of Italy

16. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano

8. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano

17. Princess Joséphine of Lorraine

4. Charles Albert of Sardinia

18. Charles, Duke of Courland

9. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony

19. Countess Franciszka Corvin-Krasińska

2. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

20. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

10. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

21. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain

5. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria

22. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

11. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily

23. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria

1. Umberto I of Italy

24. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

25. Maria Theresa of Austria

6. Archduke Rainer of Austria

26. Charles III of Spain

13. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain

27. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony

3. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria

28. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano (= 16)

14. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano (= 8)

29. Princess Joséphine of Lorraine (= 17)

7. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy

30. Charles, Duke of Courland (= 18)

15. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 9)

31. Countess Franciszka Corvin-Krasińska (= 19)

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o Steed, Henry Wickham (1911). "Humbert, Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 872–873..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

^
Christopher Duggan (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5.

^ Salvatore Merlino, «L'Italia così com'è», 1891 in "Al caffè", by Errico Malatesta, 1922

^ BBC History Magazine, October 2013, p. 91

^ Christopher Duggan (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5.

^ "Umberto Ranieri di Savoia" (in Italian), Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 2018-08-14.

^ Toison Autrichienne (Austrian Fleece) - 19th century (in French), Chevaliers de la Toison D'or. Retrieved 2018-08-07.

^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.

^ Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 65

External links

External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy

Regnal titles
Umberto I of Italy House of Savoy Born: 14 March 1844 Died: 29 July 1900
Preceded by Victor Emmanuel II	King of Italy 1878–1900	Succeeded by Victor Emmanuel III

[EB1911-1] ⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o Steed, Henry Wickham (1911). "Humbert, Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 872–873..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

[2] 
Christopher Duggan (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5.

[3] Salvatore Merlino, «L'Italia così com'è», 1891 in "Al caffè", by Errico Malatesta, 1922

[4] BBC History Magazine, October 2013, p. 91

[5] Christopher Duggan (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5.

[Decorato-6] "Umberto Ranieri di Savoia" (in Italian), Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 2018-08-14.

[7] Toison Autrichienne (Austrian Fleece) - 19th century (in French), Chevaliers de la Toison D'or. Retrieved 2018-08-07.

[8] "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

[9] Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.

[p65-10] Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 65

v t e Princes of Piedmont
Charles (1456–1471) Emmanuel Philibert (1536–1553) Charles Emmanuel I (1562–1580) Philip Emmanuel (1586–1605) Victor Amadeus I (1587–1630) Francis Hyacinth (1632–1637) Victor Amadeus II (1666–1675) Victor Amadeus (1699–1715) Charles Emmanuel III (1715–1730) Charles Emmanuel IV (1751–1796) Umberto I (1844–1878) Victor Emmanuel III (1878–1900) Umberto II (1904–1947)
Held in pretense: Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1937)* Umberto of Savoy-Aosta (2009)*
*denotes titular Prince †dispute over succession

v t e Princes of Savoy
1st Generation	None
2nd Generation	Prince Anthony Prince Anthony Louis, Duke of Savoy Amadeus, Prince of Piemont Philip, Prince of Achaea
3rd Generation	Amadeus, Duke of Savoy Louis, Count of Geneva Prince Giovanni Philip, Duke of Savoy Giano, Count of Faucigny and Geneva Pietro, Bishop of Geneva Prince Aimone Prince Giacomo Giovanni Ludovico, Bishop of Geneva Jacques, Count of Romont
4th Generation	Prince Luigi Carlo, Prince of Piedmont Philibert, Duke of Savoy Prince Bernardo Charles, Duke of Savoy James Louis, Count of Genevois Prince Gian Claudio Galeazzo Prince Girolamo Philibert, Duke of Savoy Charles, Duke of Savoy Prince Louis Philippe, Duke of Nemours Prince Assolone Prince Giovanni Amedeo Prince Emanuele Filiberto Adriano Prince Louis Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
5th Generation	Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Duke of Nemours
6th Generation	Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours Henri, Prince de Genevois Prince Louis Prince François Paul Henri, Duke of Nemours Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano Maurice, Cardinal of Savoy Prince Emmanuel Filibert
7th Generation	Prince Louis Amadeus Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano Joseph Emmanuel, Count of Soissons Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons
8th Generation	Victor Amadeus II, King of Sardinia Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignano Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons Emanuel Philibert, Count of Dreux Prince Philippe Prince Eugene Prince Louis Jules
9th Generation	Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia Emanuele Philibert, Duke of Chablais Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Count of Villafranca Prince Tommaso Emmanuel Thomas, Count of Soissons
10th Generation	Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta Carlo, Duke of Chablais Carlo, Duke of Aosta Benedetto, Duke of Chablais Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano Prince Tommaso Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons Giuseppe Maria, Count of Villafranca
11th Generation	Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia Amedeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat Charles Felix, King of Sardinia Giuseppe, Count of Asti Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Duke of Carignano
12th Generation	Charles Albert, King of Sardinia
13th Generation	King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
14th Generation	King Umberto I of Italy King Amadeo I of Spain Oddone, Duke of Montferrat Tommaso, Duke of Genoa**
15th Generation	King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta* Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin* Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi* Umberto, Count of Salemi* Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa Filiberto, Duke of Genoa Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo Eugenio, Duke of Genoa
16th Generation	King Umberto II of Italy Amedeo, Duke of Aosta* Aimone, Duke of Aosta*
17th Generation	Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Amedeo, Duke of Aosta***
18th Generation	Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Piedmont Aimone, Duke of Apulia***
19th generation	Prince Umberto of Savoy-Aosta, Prince of Piedmont* Prince Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi*
* member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy ** Prince of Savoy-Genoa *** Prince of Savoy-Aosta

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