IBM Research




IBM Research headquarters, the Eero Saarinen-designed Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.


IBM Research is IBM's research and development division. It is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with twelve labs on six continents.[1]


IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame, 19 National Medals of Technology, five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes.[2]


As of 2018, the company has generated more patents than any other business in each of 25 consecutive years, which is a record.[3]




Contents





  • 1 History


  • 2 Advances


  • 3 Applications


  • 4 Notable IBM Research computer scientists

    • 4.1 Other notable developments



  • 5 Laboratories

    • 5.1 Historic research centers



  • 6 Publications


  • 7 References


  • 8 Further reading


  • 9 External links




History


The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University.[4] This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County, New York starting in the 1950s,[5][6] including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961.[5][6]



Advances


Notable company inventions include the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, DRAM, copper wiring in semiconductors, the smartphone, the portable computer, the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, Watson artificial intelligence[7] and the Quantum Experience.


Advances in nanotechnology include IBM in atoms, where a scanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym. It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.[8]



Applications


Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures, high-performance microprocessors and computers, analytical methods and tools, algorithms, software architectures, methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets.


IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include the Scanning Tunneling Microscope and high temperature superconductivity, both of which were awarded the Nobel Prize. IBM Research was behind the inventions of the SABRE travel reservation system, the technology of laser eye surgery, magnetic storage, the relational database, UPC barcodes and Watson, the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on the Jeopardy! television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare company Anthem Inc..



Notable IBM Research computer scientists


There are a number of computer scientists "who made IBM Research famous."[9] These include Frances E. Allen,[10]Marc Auslander, John Backus,[11][12][13][14][15][16]Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist), Erich Bloch,[17]Grady Booch,
[18][19][20][21][22]Fred Brooks (known for his book The Mythical Man-Month),[23][24][25][26] Peter Brown,[27] Larry Carter,[28][29]Gregory Chaitin, John Cocke, Alan Cobham,[30]Edgar F. Codd, Don Coppersmith, Ronald Fagin, Horst Feistel, Jeanne Ferrante, Zvi Galil, Ralph E. Gomory, Jim Gray, Joseph Halpern, Kenneth E. Iverson, Frederick Jelinek, Reynold B. Johnson, Benoit Mandelbrot, Robert Mercer (businessman), C. Mohan, Michael O. Rabin, Arthur Samuel, Alfred Spector, Moshe Vardi, John Vlissides, Mark N. Wegman and Shmuel Winograd.



Other notable developments



  • Data Encryption Standard (DES)


  • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)


  • Benoît B. Mandelbrot's introduction of Fractals

  • Magnetic disk storage (hard disks)


  • MELD-Plus risk score.

  • One-transistor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)


  • Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture

  • Relational databases


  • Deep Blue, a grandmaster-level chess-playing computer


Laboratories



















































Name
Location
Founded

IBM Research – Africa

Nairobi, Kenya
2013

Johannesburg, South Africa
2015

IBM Research – Almaden

Almaden Valley, San Jose, California
1986

IBM Research – Austin

Austin, Texas
1995

IBM Research – Australia

Melbourne, Australia
2011

IBM Research – Brazil

São Paulo, Brazil
2010

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2010

IBM Research – China

Beijing, China
1995

Shanghai, China
2008

IBM Research – Haifa

Haifa, Israel
1972

IBM Research – India

Delhi, India
1998

Bangalore, India
1998

IBM Research – Ireland

Damastown, Ireland
2011

IBM Research – Thomas J. Watson Research Center

Yorktown Heights, New York
1945

Albany, New York
2001

IBM Research – Tokyo

Tokyo, Japan
1982

IBM Research – Zurich

Rüschlikon, Switzerland
1956


Historic research centers



  • IBM La Gaude, near Nice, France

  • Cambridge Scientific Center

  • IBM New York Scientific Center


  • 330 North Wabash in Chicago


  • IBM Laboratory Vienna[31]


Publications


  • IBM Journal of Research and Development


References



  1. ^ "Labs and locations". IBM Research. Retrieved 28 December 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Awards & Achievements". IBM. Retrieved 2012-05-23.


  3. ^ "IBM Breaks Records to Top U.S. Patent List for 25th Consecutive Year". IBM (Press release). 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.


  4. ^ "IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2010-05-05.


  5. ^ ab Beatty, Jack, (editor) Colussus: how the corporation changed America, New York : Random House, 2001.
    ISBN 978-0-7679-0352-3. Cf. chapter "Making the 'R' Yield 'D': The IBM Labs" by Robert Buderi.


  6. ^ ab IBM, "Watson Research Center: Watson Facility History"


  7. ^ "History of progress". IBM Research. Retrieved 28 December 2016.


  8. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (April 5, 1990). "2 Researchers Spell 'I.B.M.,' Atom by Atom". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-08-03.


  9. ^ "Computer scientists who made IBM Research famous", IBM, 17 December 2012, retrieved 16 January 2016


  10. ^ Biography and oral history


  11. ^ IBM Archives


  12. ^ Stanford Archives


  13. ^ NNDB profile


  14. ^ Columbia University page


  15. ^ New York Times obituary


  16. ^ John Backus Memorial


  17. ^ IBM Archives


  18. ^ Researcher personal page


  19. ^ My developer Works blog Archived 2015-12-13 at the Wayback Machine


  20. ^ Handbook of software architecture


  21. ^ IEEE Software: On Architecture


  22. ^ The Promise, The Limits, The Beauty of Software Archived 2011-03-28 at the Wayback Machine


  23. ^ Master Planner: Fred Brooks Shows How to Design Anything


  24. ^ NNDB profile


  25. ^ Innovator: Fred Brooks


  26. ^ The Grill: Fred Brooks (Computerworld)


  27. ^ Business Insider (thumbnail)


  28. ^ University of California, San Diego


  29. ^ SIAM short course


  30. ^ Recursivity (Blogspot)


  31. ^ IBM Corporation. "Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)" (PDF). IBM History. Retrieved July 24, 2016.



Further reading



  • Brennan, Jean Ford (1971). The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History. IBM.


External links


  • IBM Research Official Website

  • Projects


  • Research History Highlights (Top Innovations)

  • Research history by year


  • Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild head of Watson Scientific Computation Laboratory at Columbia University, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

  • IBM Research's technical journals








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