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I create a list with:

import os
files=[f for f in os.listdir(source) if f.endswith('.tif')]

sometimes this gives a result like:

files=['file_1263_1-001.tif', 'file_1263_2-002.tif', 'file_1263_3-003.tif']

for f in files:
 l1 = f.split("_")
 print( l1[2].split("-") )

returns:

['1', '001.tif']
['2', '002.tif']
['3', '003.tif']

but sometimes I get this result:

files=['file_0563_74-001.tif', 'file_0563_74-002.tif', 'file_0563_74-003.tif']

for f in files:
 l1 = f.split("_")
 print( l1[2].split("-") )

returns:

['74', '001.tif']
['74', '002.tif']
['74', '003.tif']

I would like to create a flow control that if the first column (e.a. 74) has the same values, do someting else than when it contains different values (e.a. 1, 2, 3).

How do I accomplish that?

You can use a set comprehension to extract unique types. Then use an if / else construct to apply logic depending on whether you have only one such type.

files = ['file_1263_1-001.tif', 'file_1263_2-002.tif', 'file_1263_3-003.tif']

file_types = fn.split('-')[0].rsplit('_')[-1] for fn in files

if len(file_types) == 1:
 # do something
else:
 # do something else

Do in this way:

files = [f.split('_')[2].split('-') for f in files]
files
Output: [['1', '001.tif'], ['2', '002.tif'], ['3', '003.tif']]

Check if all first elements are same. If same then length of unique elements will be 1

if len(set([x[1] for x in files])) == 1: # checks first elements are same
 # do something
else:
 # do something