Tupi–Guarani languages










Tupi–Guarani
Geographic
distribution
Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification
Tupian
  • Tupi–Guarani
Subdivisions
  • Guarani

  • Guarayu

  • Tupi

  • Teneteharan

  • Kawahib

  • Kamayurá

  • Xingu

  • Northern

Glottolog
tupi1276[1]

mapalt
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

Tupi–Guarani (About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guarani and Old Tupi.


The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.[citation needed]




Contents





  • 1 Classification

    • 1.1 Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)


    • 1.2 Michael, et al. (2015)



  • 2 See also


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links




Classification



Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)


Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:



  • Guaraní (Group I)


  • Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna,** Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá**)


  • Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**


  • Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára


  • Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In


  • Kamayurá (Group VII)


  • Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara


  • Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.


**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral


Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.



Michael, et al. (2015)


Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.


Tupí-Guaraní
  • Kamaiurá


  • Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
    • (branch)
      • Guajá

      • Ka'ápor

      • Avá-Canoeiro



    • Central
      • (branch)

        • Anambé, Araweté

        • Xingú Asurini


      • (branch)

        • Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã

        • Tapirapé




    • Peripheral

      • Wayampi, Emerillon


      • Kayabí, Parintintin


      • Diasporic
        • Tembé

        • (Diasporic core branch)
          • (branch)

            • Omagua, Kokama

            • Tupinambá



          • Southern

            • Sirionó, Yuki


            • Guarayu, Pauserna


            • Guaranian
              • Aché

              • Mbyá

              • Paraguay Guaraní

              • (branch)

                • Xetá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva


                • Tapiete, Chiriguano








O'Hagan (2014)[2] proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin.



See also



  • Tupí people (Tupinambá)

  • Guaraní people

  • Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language


References




  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tupi–Guarani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.



  • Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193-221.


External links



  • Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)






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