Odtnhj

Sistan and Baluchestan Province استان سیستان و بلوچستان
Province
Ghal'eh Sab, Saravan.
Sistan and Baluchestan Province and its counties
Map of Iran with Sistan and Baluchestan highlighted
Coordinates: 29°29′33″N 60°52′01″E / 29.4924°N 60.8669°E / 29.4924; 60.8669Coordinates: 29°29′33″N 60°52′01″E / 29.4924°N 60.8669°E / 29.4924; 60.8669
Country	Iran
Capital	Zahedan
Counties	19
Area
• Total	180,726 km2 (69,779 sq mi)
Population (2016)[1]
• Total	2,775,014
• Density	15/km2 (40/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+03:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+04:30 (IRST)
Main language(s)	Baluchi Persian (Sistani dialect)
HDI (2017)	0.688[2] medium · 31th

Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Balochi: Sistàn o Balòčestàn‎)(Persian: استان سيستان و بلوچستان‎, Ostān-e Sīstān-o Balūchestān), after Kerman province, is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital is Zahedan.

The province is the second largest province in Iran with an area of 180,726  km² and a population of 2.5 million.^[3] The counties of the province are Chabahar County, Qasr-e Qand County, Dalgan County, Hirmand County, Iranshahr County, Khash County, Konarak County, Nik Shahr County, Saravan County, Sarbaz County, Sib and Suran County, Zabol County, Mehrestan County, Zahedan County, Zehak County, Hamun County, Nimruz County, Bampur County, Mirjaveh County & Fanuj County.

The population comprises the Baloch who form a majority in the province, followed by the relatively large minority, the Sistani Persians. Smaller communities of Kurds (in the eastern highlands and near Iranshahr), the expatriate Brahui (on the borders between Iran and Pakistan), and other resident and itinerant ethnic groups such as the Gypsies are also found in the province.

Geography and culture

The province comprises two sections, Sistan in the north and Baluchestan in the south. The combined Sistan and Baluchestan province today accounts for one of the driest regions of Iran with a slight increase in rainfall from east to west, and an obvious rise in humidity in the coastal regions. The province is subject to seasonal winds from different directions, the most important of which are the 120-day wind of Sistan known as Levar, the Qousse wind, the seventh (Gav-kosh) wind, the Nambi or south wind, the Hooshak wind, the humid and seasonal winds of the Indian Ocean, the North or (Gurich) wind and the western (Gard) wind.

Gahl'eh Naseri, Iranshahr

In the south, east and west of Sistān and Balūchestān, the people are mostly Balōch and speak the Baluchi language, although there also exists among them a small community of speakers of the Indo-Aryan language Jadgali.^[4]:25 In the far north of Sistān and Balūchestān, the people are mostly Persians and speak a dialect of the Persian language known as Sistani/Seestani, similar to the Dari Persian language in Afghanistan. The name Balūchestān means "Land of the Balōch" and is used to represent the majority Baloch peoples inhabiting the province, Sistan was added to the name to represent the minority Persian peoples who speak the Sistani dialect of Persian.

Many scholars, orators, and literary personalities have sprung up from this part of Iran, amongst which are Farrukhi Sistani, Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar and Rostam. Ayatollah Sistani is also from Sistān; though he currently resides in Najaf, Iraq .

Religion

Baluchis are predominantly Sunni Muslims. The biggest Sunni religious University in Iran, Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan, is located in the province. Ethnic Persian Sistanis, however, are predominantly Shia Muslims, and as a result of that hold most provincial positions.^{[citation needed]}

History

In the epigraphs of Bistoon and Persepolis, Sistan is mentioned as one of the eastern territories of Darius the Great. The name Sistan, as mentioned above, is derived from Saka (also sometimes Saga, or Sagastan), a Central Asian tribe that had taken control over this area in the year 128 BCE. During the Arsacid Dynasty (248 BC to 224 CE), the province became the seat of Suren-Pahlav Clan. From the Sassanid period till the early Islamic period, Sistan flourished considerably.

During the reign of Ardashir I of Persia, Sistan came under the jurisdiction of the Sassanids, and in 644CE, the Arab Muslims gained control as the Persian empire was in its final moments of collapsing.

During the reign of the second Sunni caliph, Omar ibn Al-Khattab, this territory was conquered by the Arabs and an Arab commander was assigned as governor. The famous Persian ruler Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, whose descendants dominated this area for many centuries, later became governor of this province. In 916 CE, Baluchestan was ruled by the Daylamids and thereafter the Seljuqids, when it became a part of Kerman. Dynasties such as the Saffarids, Samanids, Qaznavids, and Seljuqids, also ruled over this territory.

In 1508 CE, Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty conquered Sistan, and during the reign of Nader Shah, there was further turmoil.

Sistan and Baluchestan today

The southern coasts of the province along the Gulf of Oman.

The province today is the most underdeveloped, desolate, and poorest of Iran's provinces.^{[citation needed]} The government of Iran has been trying to reverse this situation by implementing new plans such as creating the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone.

Colleges and universities

1. University of Sistan and Baluchestan


2. Chabahar Maritime University


3. Zabol University


4. Islamic Azad University of Iranshahr


5. 
   Islamic Azad University of Zahedan [1]
   


6. 
   Zahedan University of Medical Sciences [2]
   


7. Zabol University of Medical Sciences


8. International University of Chabahar


9. Iranshar University


10. Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan

Transportation

Road transport

National rail network

The city of Zahedan has been connected to Quetta in Pakistan for a century with a broad gauge railway. It has weekly trains for Kovaitah. Recently a railway from Bam, Iran to Zahedan has been inaugurated. There may be plans to build railway lines from Zahedan to Chabahar.^[5]

Airports

Sistan va Baluchistan Province has two main passenger airports:

• Zahedan Airport


• Chabahar Airport

Ports

Port of Chabahar in south of province is the main port to be connected by a new railway to Zahedan in future. India is investing on this port. The port stands on Coast of Makran and is 70 km in west of Gwadar, Pakistan.^[6]

Industry and mining

Rostam castle

Chabahar

Makki Mosque Zahedan

Industry is new to the province. Efforts have been done and tax, customs and financial motivations have caused more industrial investment, new projects, new producing jobs and improvement of industry.

The most important factories are:
– Khash cement factory with production of 2600 tons cement daily and three other cement.

Factories under construction:
– Cotton cloth and fishing net weaving factories and the brick factory can be named as well.

The province has important geological and metal mineral potentials such as chrome, copper, granite, antimony, talc, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, platinum, gold and silver.

One of the main mines in this province is Chel Kooreh copper mine in 120 km north of Zahedan.

See also

Aerial view of Beris on the Gulf of Oman.

• Bazman


• Baluch people


• Baluchi music


• Sistan


• Balochistan (region)


• Balochistan (Afghanistan)


• Balochistan (Pakistan)

References

Bibliography

• 
  W. Barthold (1984). "Sistan, the Southern Part of Afghanistan, and Baluchistan". An Historical Geography of Iran. Translated by Svat Soucek. Princeton University Press. pp. 64–86. ISBN 978-1-4008-5322-9.
  

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Baluchistan (Persia).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

• Official website of Sistan and Baluchestan Governorship


• Chabahar Free Trading Zone, Sistan and Baluchistan