Irrealism (philosophy)


This article is about the philosophical theory. For the critical theory, see Irrealism (the arts).

Irrealism is a philosophical position first advanced by Nelson Goodman in "Ways of Worldmaking",[1] encompassing epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics.




Contents





  • 1 Nelson Goodman's irrealism


  • 2 Other Irrealists


  • 3 Other Forms of Irrealism


  • 4 See also


  • 5 Footnotes


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links




Nelson Goodman's irrealism


Irrealism was initially motivated by the debate between phenomenalism and physicalism in epistemology.[2] Rather than viewing either as prior to the other, Goodman described them both as alternative "world-versions", both useful in some circumstances, but neither capable of capturing the other in an entirely satisfactory way, a point he emphasizes with examples from psychology.[3] He goes on to extend this epistemic pluralism to all areas of knowledge, from equivalent formal systems in mathematics (sometimes it is useful to think of points as primitives, sometimes it is more useful to consider lines the primitive) to alternative schools of art (for some paintings thinking in terms of representational accuracy is the most useful way of considering them, for others it is not). However, in line with his consideration of phenomenalism and physicalism, Goodman goes beyond saying merely that these are "world-versions" of the world, instead he describes worlds as "made by making such versions".[4]


Metaphysically, Goodman's irrealism is distinct from anti-realism though the two concepts are frequently confused. "We are not speaking in terms of multiple possible alternatives to a single actual world but of multiple actual worlds."[5] He makes no assertions regarding "the way the world is" and that there is no primary world version i.e. "no true version compatible with all true versions." As Goodman says, "Not only motion, ... but even reality is relative."[6] It follows that Goodman accepts many forms of realism and anti-realism without being troubled by the resulting contradictions.



Other Irrealists


The artist Tristan Tondino has had several exhibitions entitled "Irreality" which crossover into other fields and include philosophy, mathematics, ophthalmology, science and politics. He writes, "Realism is an Irrealism. Reality is plurality - we partially create it, we must open our universes and our perceptions to all new versions that may promote the concept of human rights and expand its possibilities."[7] In a painting depicting a chair and entitled "The Hegemony of the Real", Tondino has written "That the Real must be regarded as a fiction does not detract from its hegemony".


The sociologist Nikolas Rose subscribes to irrealism in his Powers of Freedom, though his irrealism differs from Nelson's in being 'technical, not psychologistic, furthering Nelson's assertions of the human mind are only capable of a limited understanding and that it is a construct built upon itself."



Other Forms of Irrealism


The philosophical term may be used in more specific or arguably narrower senses, such as "colour irrealism".[8]



See also


  • Anti-realism

  • Philosophical realism

  • Simulated reality


Footnotes




  1. ^ (Goodman 1978)


  2. ^ (Goodman 1951)


  3. ^ (Goodman 1978 : Ch. V)


  4. ^ (Goodman 1978 p.94)


  5. ^ (Goodman 1978 p.2)


  6. ^ (Goodman 1978 p.20)


  7. ^ Anne Émile Brisson, Plurielle Ouverture, AGIR, Amnestie Internationale, vol 25, #3, septembre 2004


  8. ^ https://frodo.ucsc.edu/~jellis/Papers/Color.pdf




References



  • Goodman, N. (1977) [1951]. The Structure of Appearance (3rd ed.). D. Reidel..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  • Goodman, N. (1978). Ways of Worldmaking. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-915144-51-4.


  • Goodman, N. (1983). Of Mind and Other Matters. Harvard University Press.


  • Goodman, N. (1984) [1976]. Languages of Art (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-915144-34-4.


  • Goodman, N.; Elgin, C.Z. (1988). Reconceptions in Philosophy & Other Arts & Sciences. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04886-9.


  • McCormick, P.J., ed. (1996). Starmaking: Realism, Anti-Realism and Irrealism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-585-02120-1.


  • Elgin, C.Z., ed. (1997). The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman, Volume 1: Nominalism, Constructivism, and Relativism in the Work of Nelson Goodman. New York and London: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-2609-2.


  • Elgin, C.Z., ed. (1997). The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman, Volume 4: Nelson Goodman's Theory of Symbols and Its Applications. New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-8153-2612-2.


External links



  • Cohnitz, Daniel; Rossberg, Marcus. "Nelson Goodman". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


  • "On Star-Making" by Nelson Goodman.


  • Goodman and Putnam on the Making of Worlds by Damian Cox


  • An experimental test of non-local realism. Physics research paper in Nature which gives negative experimental results for certain classes of realism in the sense of physics.


-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

How to read a connectionString WITH PROVIDER in .NET Core?

圖片
6 I added .AddJsonFile("Connections.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true) in public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env) Connections.json contains: "ConnectionStrings": "DefaultConnection": "Server=(localdb)\mssqllocaldb;Database=DATABASE;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true", "COR-W81-101": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=P61_CAFM_Basic;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "COR-W81-100": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=Post_PS;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "MSEDGEWIN10": "Data Source=DATASOURCE; Initial Catalog=COR_Basic; Persist Security Info=False;Integrated Security=true;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;Application Name="COR_Basic"", "server...
閱讀完整內容

Node.js Script on GitHub Pages or Amazon S3

圖片
0 I'm wondering if I can run a Node.js script in my Jekyll page from GitHub Pages or Amazon S3? I think it can't run on GitHub Pages since it doesn't support server side code. Not too sure. The code is below: var Airtable = require('airtable'); var base = new Airtable(apiKey: 'YOUR_API_KEY').base('appAnZVyYqusNPV5Q'); base('Invitee list').select( // Selecting the first 3 records in Complete list: maxRecords: 3, view: "Complete list" ).eachPage(function page(records, fetchNextPage) // This function (`page`) will get called for each page of records. records.forEach(function(record) console.log('Retrieved', record.get('Email')); ); // To fetch the next page of records, call `fetchNextPage`. // If there are more records, `page` will get called again. // If there are no more records, `done` will get called. fetchNextPage(); , function done(err) if (err) console.error(err); return; ); node.js ...
閱讀完整內容

Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto

圖片
Art museum in Rovereto TN, Italy Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto MART, Entrance Location Corso Angelo Bettini, 43, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy Coordinates 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Coordinates: 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Type Art museum Director Gianfranco Maraniello Public transit access Trento train station. Taxis outside station. Website mart.trento.it The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) ( Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto , in Italian) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de...
閱讀完整內容