^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants (2012), Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises[1]
The department was constituted as it is today by a decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790.
Contents
1Geography
1.1Location
1.2Subregions of Aube
1.3Communes of Aube
1.4Topography and geology
1.5Hydrography
1.6Forests and lakes
1.7Climate
1.8Channels of communication and transport
1.8.1Road network
1.8.2Communal transport
1.8.3Rail network
1.8.4Navigable waterways
2History
2.1Early history
2.2The 12th century and the monasteries
2.3Definitive reunion with Kingdom of France
2.4Heraldry
3Politics and administration
3.1General Council
4Politics
4.1Current National Assembly Representatives
5Demography
5.1Distribution of the population
5.2Demographic change
5.3Distribution of age groups
5.4Breakdown of population by socio-professional categories
6Economy
6.1General
6.2Employment by sector
6.3Main economic sectors
6.3.1Industry
6.3.2Tourism
6.3.3Agriculture
7Population and society
7.1Education
7.1.1Primary and secondary
7.1.2Higher education
7.2Health
7.3Sports
7.4Media
7.4.1Radio
7.4.2Television
7.4.3Daily newspapers
7.5Justice
7.6Waste management
8Culture and heritage
8.1Cultural venues
8.1.1Theatres and concerts
8.1.2Cinemas
8.1.3Cultural festivities
8.1.4Gastronomy
8.2Monuments and tourist sites
8.2.1Castles
8.2.2Museums[30]
8.2.3Other historic sites
8.3Tourist places
9Notable people linked to the department
10See also
11Notes
12References
13External links
Geography
Location
Entry to the Aube department from Route N77
The Aube department is located in the south-west side of the Grand Est region. It borders the departments of Marne in the north (about 130 km long), Haute-Marne to the east (about 100 km long), Côte-d'Or in the south-east (about 45 km long), Yonne in the south-west (about 175 km long), and Seine-et-Marne in the west (about 45 km long).[2]
Subregions of Aube
Map of natural and traditional regions of the department.
Within the department regions of natural or traditional countryside can be identified as follows:
Aube is divided into 431 communes totalling 308,503 inhabitants. Major cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants) are:
Troyes (61,823 inhabitants, prefecture),
Romilly-sur-Seine (14,429 inhabitants),
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc (13,401 inhabitants),
Saint-André-les-Vergers (11,088 inhabitants) and
Sainte-Savine (10,110 inhabitants).
They are mostly located in the centre of the department. Four of those five cities are part of the Agglomeration of Troyes.
Topography and geology
Altitude of the main towns of Aube[3]
Troyes
Romilly-sur-Seine
Bar-sur-Aube
Nogent-sur-Seine
Lowest Altitude
100 metres
67 metres
156 metres
60 metres
Highest Altitude
126 metres
112 metres
348 metres
113 metres
Average Altitude
113 metres
90 metres
252 metres
87 metres
Town Hall Altitude
107 metres
77 metres
165 metres
71 metres
Hydrography
The Seine at Bar-sur-Seine
There are 23 rivers throughout the department,[Note 1] the four main rivers being the Seine, the Aube (tributary of the Seine), the Armance (tributary of the Armançon), and the Vanne (a tributary of the Yonne).
Forests and lakes
Temple Lake seen from the dam
The department has 140,000 hectares of forests.[4]
Located in the Community of communes of Forests, lakes, and lands in Champagne, the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park was one of the first natural parks created in France.
In the same place, there is the Orient Lake and the Amance and Temple lakes where fishing, recreational water sports, and bathing are available. Each lake specialises in one or more of these activities.
Climate
The climate is moderate without intense cold or excessive heat which represents a climate similar to continental and oceanic.
Between 1950 and 1985 the average annual temperature recorded in the department was 10.1 °C[5] which is equivalent to the Paris basin and the cities of north-eastern France. The average sunshine hours per year is 1771.
Average annual rainfall is quite high (653.4 mm over 115 days of rain[5]). In general there is more rain in autumn than in winter but rainfall is highest during spring. In contrast summer is the season when rainfall is lowest. There is, however, more rain in the south-east than the north-west.
Snow is relatively infrequent. Prevailing wind is from the west.
Comparison of local Meteorological data with other cities in France[6]
Town
Sunshine (hours/yr)
Rain (mm/yr)
Snow (days/yr)
Storm (days/yr)
Fog (days/yr)
National Average
1,973
770
14
22
40
Troyes[7]
1,817
645
15
17
38
Paris
1,661
637
12
18
10
Nice
2,724
767
1
29
1
Strasbourg
1,693
665
29
29
56
Brest
1,605
1,211
7
12
75
Climate data for Troyes
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
6.2 (43.2)
7.7 (45.9)
11.9 (53.4)
15.2 (59.4)
19.5 (67.1)
22.7 (72.9)
25.7 (78.3)
25.4 (77.7)
21.2 (70.2)
16.3 (61.3)
10.1 (50.2)
6.7 (44.1)
15.7 (60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
3.1 (37.6)
3.7 (38.7)
7.0 (44.6)
9.5 (49.1)
13.7 (56.7)
16.7 (62.1)
19.3 (66.7)
19.0 (66.2)
15.4 (59.7)
11.6 (52.9)
6.6 (43.9)
3.8 (38.8)
10.8 (51.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−0.1 (31.8)
−0.3 (31.5)
2.0 (35.6)
3.7 (38.7)
7.8 (46.0)
10.7 (51.3)
12.8 (55.0)
12.6 (54.7)
9.6 (49.3)
6.8 (44.2)
3.0 (37.4)
0.8 (33.4)
5.8 (42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
50.5 (1.99)
42.1 (1.66)
47.7 (1.88)
50.9 (2.00)
61.7 (2.43)
56.6 (2.23)
54.4 (2.14)
52.2 (2.06)
53.3 (2.10)
63.6 (2.50)
51.2 (2.02)
60.6 (2.39)
644.8 (25.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
10.0
8.4
10.3
9.1
10.1
8.6
7.2
7.0
7.5
9.6
9.8
10.6
108.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours
69
88
144
185
215
229
235
228
179
124
67
54
1,817
Source: Meteorological data for Troyes – 112 m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (in French)
Channels of communication and transport
Road network
The department has 150 km of autoroutes, 33 km of national roads, 4,517 km of departmental roads and 2,116 km of local roads.[8]
Communal transport
In the Agglomeration of Troyes TCAT (Transport for the Communes of Troyes) provides a transport network between communes. Unlike many networks that are provided by other operators, the agglomeration community of the city is the owner of the company.[9] The network currently serves eleven communes including two outside the Troyes agglomeration. Other cities, including Romilly-sur-Seine, have no transport network.[10]
Aube also has intercity transport networks. 21 regular bus routes are operated between the major cities of the department. The use of these lines is entrusted to private coaches: Transdev – The Carriers of Aube has 15 routes,[11]Keolis Sud Lorraine has 4 routes,[12]Procars Champagne has 2 routes,[13]Autocars Bardy has one route.[14]
Rail network
Troyes Station
Five railway stations are currently in operation. These are: Nogent-sur-Seine, Romilly-sur-Seine, Troyes, Vendeuvre-sur-Barse, Bar-sur-Aube.
Aube does not have a strong rail coverage. Only one main non-electrified line passes through Aube – the line that connects Paris-Est to Mulhouse.
Navigable waterways
The department has 34.8 km of navigable waterways.[8] The city of Nogent-sur-Seine has two river ports for grain.[15]
History
Early history
The first inhabitants of Aube were the Tricasses and Lingones with a substantial human settlement around the year 400 BC.
Saints Potentian and Savinian,[16] Greek priests from Samos, came to preach the gospel from the middle of the 3rd century. Saint Patroclus was one of the first martyrs of the new faith in the year 259. Shortly after Saint Jule and some notables of the city of Tricasses also suffered martyrdom. Nevertheless, as elsewhere, the Christian community became large enough to accommodate a bishop. Saint Amateur was the first in 340. In the year 286 the Bagaudae ravaged the land which forms Aube. Emperor Julian came to Troyes with his army and rescued it.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
The 12th century and the monasteries
The Abbey of Clairvaux: today a prison
Two important monasteries were founded in the department: one at Clairvaux in 1114, created by Bernard of Clairvaux, the other at Paraclete, by his illustrious rival, Pierre Abélard and of which Héloïse d'Argenteuil was the first abbess. Bernard of Clairvaux was noted for his eloquence at the Council of Troyes and his preaching of the Second Crusade which had no result and whose outcome was disastrous.
The reunion of Champagne with the kingdom of France was finalised in 1361. Yet people wanted absolutely the incorporation of Champagne but in 1328 King Philip VI gave the city of Bar-sur-Seine to Philippe de Croy. The inhabitants, however, ransomed him to return it to the king on the condition that it become inalienable.
Definitive reunion with Kingdom of France
The decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790 formally established the department of Aube. Its first president was Augustin-Henri-Marie Picot[17] and his first deputy was Louis Antoine Joseph Robin. Jacques Claude Beugnot was elected Attorney-General and also MP.[17]
The 19th century marked the emergence of the Hosiery business in the department.
After the victory of the allies in the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the department was occupied by Russian troops from June 1815 to November 1818.
In 1911 following the revolt of the vineyards of Champagne large Riots broke out in the department. The consequences of this were tragic because the clashes resulted in dozens of injuries.
Main article: Champagne Riots
In 1919, a decree allowed Aube department to produce champagne for the first time.[18]
In 1932 Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk visited Aube and signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.[19]
Heraldry
Blazon:
Azure, a band argent with two cotises potent and counter potent in Or, chief wavy in argent.
Politics and administration
General Council
The General Council of Aube is located in Troyes. Its president has been DVD Senator Philippe Adnot since July 1990. It includes the 34 councillors of the 17 cantons of Aube. Of these, 32 are from the Right (mainly the UMP), the others are from the Miscellaneous left.[20] Currently the budget of the General Council is €329.8 million. Its main mission and expenditure on social activities and health.[8]
Politics
Aube returns three Deputies to the National Assembly, two of whom are from The Republicans (LR), and two Senators: one UMP and one right-wing independent.
Current National Assembly Representatives
Constituency
Member[21]
Party
Aube's 1st constituency
Grégory Besson-Moreau
La République En Marche!
Aube's 2nd constituency
Valérie Bazin-Malgras
The Republicans
Aube's 3rd constituency
Gérard Menuel
The Republicans
Seats on the General Council by Political Party
Party
Abbrev.
No. Members
Left Wing
Socialist Party
PS
2
Communist Party
PCF
2
Miscellaneous left
DVG
1
Europe Ecology – The Greens
EELV
1
Right Wing
Democratic Movement
MoDem
1
New Centre
NC
2
Miscellaneous right
DVD
10
Union for a Popular Movement
UMP
13
Independent
Independent
SE
1
President of the General Council
Demography
Distribution of the population
Aube is inhabited by 308,503 people with more than a third (130,430 inhabitants[8]) live in the Troyes agglomeration.
1 2 I'm trying to develop a multiplot heatmap.2 saved to a pdf. I'm having some success but the axis labels are getting chopped off. Subplot titles are also desirable but again the labels are getting chopped. Here's my reproducible code: library(gridExtra) library(grid) library(gridGraphics) library(gplots) Col = colorRampPalette(c("red","orange","yellow", "white")) grab_grob <- function() grid.echo() grid.grab() par(cex.main=0.1, mar = c(1,1,1,1) ) #data<-read.table("heatmap.input.matrix.data.txt") lmat = rbind(c(2,3),c(4,1),c(4,1)) lwid = c(2.5,4) lhei = c(0.5,4,3) labRowvec <- c(rep(NULL, dim(matrix(runif(1000, 1,10),ncol=50))[1])) labColvec <- c(rep(NULL, dim(matrix(runif(1000, 1,10),ncol=50))[2])) gl <- lapply(1:12, function(i) heatmap.2(matrix(runif(1000, 1,10),ncol=50), dendrogram = "none",offsetRow=-0.5, offsetCol=-1,srtCol=0, density="density", lmat =lmat,lhei = l
Art museum in Rovereto TN, Italy Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto MART, Entrance Location Corso Angelo Bettini, 43, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy Coordinates 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E / 45.8940°N 11.0450°E / 45.8940; 11.0450 Coordinates: 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E / 45.8940°N 11.0450°E / 45.8940; 11.0450 Type Art museum Director Gianfranco Maraniello Public transit access Trento train station. Taxis outside station. Website mart.trento.it The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) ( Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto , in Italian) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de Chirico, Felice Casorati, Carlo Carrà and Fortunato Depero. Fortunato Depero's house in Rovereto (known as Casa d
