Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong .mw-parser-output .noitalicfont-style:normal .mw-parser-output .noboldfont-weight:normal 民主建港協進聯盟 | |
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Abbreviation | DAB |
Chairperson | Starry Lee |
Vice-Chairpersons | Horace Cheung Thomas Pang Chan Yung Gary Chan Holden Chow |
Founded | 10 July 1992 |
Merger of | Progressive Alliance |
Headquarters | 15/F, SUP Tower, 83 King's Road, North Point, Hong Kong |
Youth wing | Young DAB |
Membership (2018) | 36,757[1] |
Ideology | Chinese nationalism Conservatism (HK)[2] Social conservatism[3] |
Political position | Centre-right |
Regional affiliation | Pro-Beijing camp[4][5] |
Colours | Blue and red |
Executive Council | 3 / 33 |
Legislative Council | 13 / 70 |
District Councils | 118 / 458 |
NPC (HK deputies) | 5 / 36 |
CPPCC (HK members) | 16 / 124 |
Website | |
www.dab.org.hk | |
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Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong | |||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 民主建港協進聯盟 (Short: 民建聯) | ||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 民主建港协进联盟 (Short: 民建联) | ||||||||||
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Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong | |||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 民主建港聯盟 | ||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 民主建港联盟 | ||||||||||
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Politics and government of Hong Kong |
Basic Law
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Executive
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Legislature
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Judiciary
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Districts
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Elections
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Foreign relations |
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Related topics
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The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (Chinese: 民主建港協進聯盟; abbreviated DAB) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party established in 1992 in Hong Kong. Chaired by Starry Lee, it is currently the largest party in the Legislative Council and the District Councils, commanding 13 seats and 118 seats respectively.
The DAB was founded in 1992 by 56 Beijing-loyalists from a traditional leftist background, who had a long-history of following the policies of the Communist Party of China, the ruling party in the People's Republic of China. It gradually expanded in the early years after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and became one of three major parties alongside the pro-democratic Democratic Party and the pro-business Liberal Party.
In 2003, it supported the Hong Kong government's proposal to locally implement Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and suffered a major defeat in the 2003 District Council election. The DAB benefited from the failure of the pro-democrats' electoral strategy in the 2004 Legislative Council election, taking over the Democratic Party as the largest party in the legislature. In 2005, it absorbed the pro-business professional-oriented Hong Kong Progressive Alliance.
It continued to expand in the recent years, scoring electoral victories in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 District Council elections and 2008 and 2012 Legislative Council elections. The DAB received the largest victory by taking 13 seats in the 2012 election. In the 2016 election, the party took 12 seats in total, one seat fewer than the previous election.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Founding and the reunification (1992–1998)
1.2 Early Tung Chee-hwa administration and Article 23 setback (1998–2003)
1.3 Late 2000s expansion and electoral victories (2004–2012)
1.4 Since Leung Chun-ying era (2012–present)
2 Ideology
2.1 Internal factions
3 Controversies
3.1 Comments of Tiananmen massacre
3.2 Allegations of irregularities
4 Election performances
4.1 Legislative Council elections
4.2 Municipal elections
4.3 District Councils elections
5 Leadership
5.1 Chairpersons
5.2 Vice-Chairpersons
5.3 Secretaries general
5.4 Treasurers
5.5 Deputy secretaries general
5.6 Senate chairmen
6 Representatives
6.1 Executive Council
6.2 Legislative Council
6.3 District Councils
6.4 National People's Congress
6.5 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History
Founding and the reunification (1992–1998)
The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong was founded as part of a wave of political party formation as Hong Kong approaches its handover to China and amid electoral reform initiated by Governor Chris Patten. The 1991 Legislative Council election, which saw the defeat of all pro-Beijing candidates, was a catalyst to the forming of the DAB.[5]:100 In January 1992, director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Lu Ping publicly encouraged the organisation of pro-Beijing political parties for the 1995 elections.[6]:10.8 Politicians from the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and other pro-Beijing organisations including the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (FEW) formed the DAB on 10 July 1992, with Tsang Yok-sing as the party's first chairperson.[2]:161 The DAB was the first major pro-Beijing party as a part of the PRC United Front strategy on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong.[citation needed]
Compared with other pro-Beijing parties in Hong Kong, the DAB was more grassroots-oriented.[5]:100 The 56 founding members of the DAB held political views that were sympathetic towards China and emphasised friendly Sino-Hong Kong relations.[5]:100 At the time of founding, many of them held political positions associated with the Chinese government or pro-Beijing groups in Hong Kong. Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was a delegate to Guangdong Province People's Political Consultative Conference, vice-chairman Tam Yiu-chung and Chan Yuen-han were executive members of the pro-Beijing trade union FTU, and secretary Cheng Kai-nam was appointed by the Chinese government as the Hong Kong Affairs Advisor.[5]:101 Political scientist Sonny Lo Shiu-hing notes that early DAB members are also "pro-Hong Kong" in the sense that they advocate for the interests of Hong Kong and lobby Chinese officials.[5]:100
The DAB became the direct rival to the major pro-democracy party United Democrats of Hong Kong and its successor Democratic Party, which was formed in 1994. The DAB first fielded a candidate in the 1993 Regional Council by-election and lost.[5]:98 In the following year, the DAB participated in the 1994 District Board elections, where 37 of its 83 candidates were elected.[5]:98 In 1995, it participated in the municipal elections, winning 8 directly elected and 2 indirectly elected seats.[7] Major leaders of the DAB participated in the 1995 Legislative Council election. It was regarded[by whom?] as test cases of the popularity of the new party.[8] Three of the four party leaders were defeated by pro-democracy candidates in the election,[9] including party chairman Tsang Yok-sing who lost to Liu Sing-lee of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) in the Kowloon Central constituency.
The DAB took part in the preparation for establishing the Special Administrative Region on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong. In January 1996, Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Ng Hong-mun and Lee Cho-jat were appointed to the Preparatory Committee. It had 46 members elected to the Beijing-controlled Selection Committee in November 1996. In the following month, the Selection Committee elected 10 DAB members to the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC).[10] The DAB and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA), another pro-Beijing party, allied with each other in the crucial Provisional Legislative Council debate on the substantial arrangements for the 1998 LegCo elections. This move was tacitly endorsed by the Heung Yee Kuk, and heralded as the unofficial merger of the parties.[11] The Provisional Legislative Council, which was controlled by the pro-Beijing camp, vetoed the democratic reform introduced by the last British governor Chris Patten and replaced the first-past-the-post with the proportional representation method in the Legislative Council elections, so that the weaker DAB would be able to exploit the benefit of the proportional representation by taking a seat in every geographical constituency without having a majority of the votes. After the SAR was established, Tam Yiu-chung and was also appointed to the Executive Council by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa as the representative of the party.
Early Tung Chee-hwa administration and Article 23 setback (1998–2003)
The DAB's electoral campaigns have been largely assisted by Beijing and its united front organs. The Liaison Office would mobilise various social groups and organisations to campaign for and to vote for the party, including employees of PRC state-owned companies and grassroots organisations such as the New Territories Association of Societies (NTAS) and the Kowloon Federation of Associations (KFA) The DAB's sister organisation FTU also mobilised its workers to campaign for the DAB members. The FTU also sent a recommendation letter to its four hundred thousand members to seek support for DAB candidates.[12]
In the 1998 LegCo election, the DAB took five directly elected seats with a quarter of the popular vote, compared to only two seats with 15% of the votes in the 1995 elections.[13] According to Karl Ho, the change from a candidate-based system to a electoral list proportional representation system benefitted the DAB.[14]
In December 1998, the party's 5th Central Committee decided to increase a Vice-Chairmanship, Ip Kwok-him and Cheng Kai-nam were subsequently elected as Vice-Chairmen.[15] In the first District Council elections in November 1999, the party filled in 176 candidates, 83 of which were elected, more than double compared to the 1994 elections.[16]
In the second SAR LegCo elections in September 2000, despite the conflict of interests scandal of Cheng Kai-nam, the DAB became a clear winner, capturing 11 seats in total, 7 in geographical constituency direct elections, 3 in functional constituencies and 1 Election Committee constituency. Although Cheng Kai-nam was elected, he soon resigned his party posts and LegCo seat under public pressure. After DAB candidate Christopher Chung Shu-kun losing to pro-democracy Independent Audrey Eu in the 10 December Hong Kong Island by-election, the DAB commanded 10 LegCo seats by the end of 2000.
In July 2002 the beginning of the second term of Tung Chee-hwa's administration, Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was appointed to the Executive Council under the Principal Officials Accountability System (POAS), succeeding Tam Yiu-chung. However the governing coalition between Tung Chee-hwa the DAB and the pro-business Liberal Party suffered from growing disunity as the popularity of Tung administration dropped. Although it continued provide stable support to the government as Beijing's demand, it paid a hefty political price in the sense of increasing middle-class disaffection with the party and growing rank-and file complaint. The DAB was increasingly frustrated by unequal political exchange with the government and the skimpy political rewards meted out by Tung. Tsang Yok-sing even openly aired his displeasure and advocated power sharing with the government.[17]
In the wake of the controversies over the legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law, which outlaws treason, sedition, subversion and secession against the central government, the image of DAB was severely undermined by its unconditional support and defence of the legislation. The November 2003 District Councils elections saw the worst electoral performance in party's history, only 62 of the 206 candidates were elected. The party vice-chairman and LegCo member Ip Kwok-him was defeated in his own power base and long-time headquarter Kwun Lung by the pro-democracy The Frontier member and LegCo member Cyd Ho Sau-lan by a narrow margin of 64 votes.[18] The election results led to the resignation of chairman Tsang Yok-sing.[19] Tsang claimed that the electoral setback was due to the DAB's "Tung loyalist" public image. In December the party's Standing Committee elected Ma Lik as Tsang's successor.[20]
Late 2000s expansion and electoral victories (2004–2012)
The 2004 LegCo electoral campaign unfolded amid an economic rebound partly engineered by Beijing's up-lifting measures. The PRC athletes' impressive gains in the August 2004 Athens Olympics and the 50 Chinese Gold Medalists' visit to Hong Kong right before the polling induced among the voters a strong nationalistic pride that was beneficial to DAB candidates.[21] The DAB also managed to exploit the proportional representation to equalise votes for two of the candidates the party endorsed standing in the same constituency. Although support of Chan Yuen-han (FTU) was far higher than Chan Kam-lam (DAB) in Kowloon East, according to earlier polls, the two organisations managed to have both elected. At Hong Kong Island constituency, the ticket of Ma Lik and Choy So-yuk ultimately benefitted from a democratic camp mix-up that led to the resignation of the Democratic Party Chairman, Yeung Sum. The DAB become the largest political party in the Legislative Council to be represented with 12 seats (if including the two members ran under the FTU banner), with the pro-business Liberal Party coming second with 10 seats and the Democratic Party coming third with 9 seats.
On 16 February 2005, the DAB merged with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, and was renamed as the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong.[22] The two parties were merged with new committees and leadership in May, Ma Lik was re-elected as chairman and Ip Kwok-him, Tam Yiu-chung, Maria Tam and Lau Kong-wah as Vice-Chairmen. Since the merge with the Progressive Alliance, the DAB has gradually leaned to a more pro-middle-class position. In April 2007 leadership election, solicitor Gregory So succeeded Maria Tam as the Vice-Chairman of the party. The four new Standing Committee members were all professionals; besides Gregory So, Cheung Kwok-kwan, the Chairman of the Young DAB was a solicitor, Starry Lee Wai-king was an accountant, Ben Chan Han-pan was an engineer.[23] Meanwhile, the pro-labour and pro-grassroots FTU faction began to run in elections in their own banner. On 8 August 2007, Chairman Ma Lik died of cancer in Guangzhou. Tam Yiu-chung was elected as the new chairman by the Standing Committee on 28 August.[24]
The District Council Elections in 2007 saw the great bounce back of the DAB by winning 115 seats, more than a quarter of the seats in the district level, far ahead of other political parties. Gregory So resigned as the vice-chairman and was succeeded by Ann Chiang when he was appointed as the Under Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in May 2008,[25] among other DAB members appointed to the government. Gregory So was later revealed by the media as having Canadian citizenship, which he had to renounce as a result.[26] The scandal became an electoral issue in the following 2008 LegCo Election that the pan-democracy camp used to attack the DAB candidates. Nevertheless, the DAB remained as the largest party in the Legislative Council in the election, winning 13 seats in total (if including the FTU candidates who had DAB membership). Chan Yuen-han and Wong Kwok-hing were founding members of the DAB and used to run for the DAB, they began to run under the FTU banner with more pro-labour position. In October, Tsang Yok-sing, the founding Chairman of the DAB, was elected as the President of the Legislative Council, becoming the first LegCo President with party membership. His seat at the Executive Council was succeeded by vice-chairman Lau Kong-wah.
In the 2011 District Council Elections, the DAB recorded a greatest victory in party's history, accumulating 136 seats, about one-third of the total, more than all pro-democratic parties combined.
Since Leung Chun-ying era (2012–present)
The DAB supported Leung Chun-ying in the 2012 Chief Executive election. In the Legislative Council elections in September, with the party's first use of the electoral tactics of splitting candidate lists, the DAB won three seats in the New Territories West for the first time and two seats Hong Kong Island since 2004. It continued as the largest political force supporting the SAR administration today.
The DAB stood firmly with the government in the constitutional reform debate in 2014–15, and subsequently the massive Occupy protests against the 2014 NPCSC decision. On 17 April 2015, Starry Lee Wai-king became the first woman to chair the party, succeeding the outgoing Tam Yiu-chung.[27] In the 2015 District Council election, the first election under Starry Lee's chairmanship, the DAB retained its largest party status by winning 119 seats (including two who also ran under FTU banner), although incumbent legislators Christopher Chung and Elizabeth Quat were ousted by newcomers.
After the 2014 Occupy protests, there was an emerging pro-independence movement in which the DAB strongly opposed. In the 2016 New Territories East by-election, DAB member Holden Chow ran against the Civic Party's Alvin Yeung and pro-independence Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung. Chow received about 35 per cent and about 10,000 votes short of the Civic Party candidate.
With four veteran incumbents, LegCo president Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Chan Kam-lam and Ip Kwok-him, retiring, the DAB set a more conservative electoral strategy in the 2016 Legislative Council election, fielding only nine candidate lists in the geographical constituencies and District Council (Second) functional constituency, two fewer than the last election. The DAB got all their nine candidate lists elected as a result with three traditional functional constituencies with a drop of their vote share from 20.22 to 16.68 per cent vote share. Chan Hak-kan succeeded Ip as the new caucus convenor.
In the 2017 Chief Executive election, the DAB which commanded over 100 seats in the Election Committee, endorsed and nominated former Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam, which help her to defeat former Financial Secretary John Tsang with 777 votes.[28][29][30] In return, the Carrie Lam administration appointed Cheung Kwok-kwan to be a new member in the Executive Council.
In the March 2018 Legislative Council by-election triggered by the disqualification of Youngspiration's Yau Wai-ching over the oath-taking controversy, the DAB supported its member Vincent Cheng and the former FTU legislator Tang Ka-piu who joined the DAB before the election to run in Kowloon West and New Territories East respectively. Despite Tang's loss, Cheng made a surprising upset by narrowly defeating independent democrat Yiu Chung-yim, making it the first time the pro-Beijing camp received greater vote share than the pro-democrats in a geographical constituency since 2000 and the first time a pro-Beijing candidate won in a geographical constituency by-election since 1992.
Ideology
The DAB is known as a Beijing loyalist party of "loving China and loving Hong Kong".[31][not in citation given] It stresses the "one country" part of the "One country, two systems" principle. As for issues on democratic reform, it takes a position to support slower pace in relative to what the Democratic Party supports, DAB claims by doing so stability and prosperity will be achieved. Former party chairman Tam Yiu-chung claims the DAB to be "rational and pragmatic".[32]
The party's main claim is that it is natural for ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong to be "patriotic" and support the government of the People's Republic of China.[33] The party supports nearly every policy of the HKSAR Government.
- Furthering co-operation between Hong Kong and the mainland, promoting mutual trust, and creating opportunities economically.
- "Constructive monitor" of the HKSAR government, scrutinising various government policies and decisions, providing "constructive policy alternatives" whilst securing the progress, prosperity, social stability and harmony for Hong Kong.
- To break down social barriers based on the common interest of Hong Kong; to strengthen communications with Hong Kong residents to better reflect their opinion; to be more accountable to the public.
- To nurture political talent by committing the necessary funding, organising training, providing opportunities for those who want to take part in politics.
The DAB’s support of social welfare improvements, including greater spending on education, housing, and employee retraining, has given it strong grassroots support.[34]
The party in general embraces big tent position, but has gradually leaned to a more pro-middle-class position and professional-oriented since its merger with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) in 2005.
The party also takes the social conservative stance, espousing 'traditional family values' and opposing same-sex marriage despite it not being in the party's official platform.[3] The DAB collaborated with evangelical Christian organisations in 2006 in drafting a submission on "harmonious families".[35] These organisations include the Hong Kong branches of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International and the Christian Broadcasting Network.[35]
Internal factions
As the largest political party of Hong Kong, the party can be divided into several main factions:[citation needed]
- Business sector, with business and professionals background and also former members of the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance.
- Rural leaders representing the interests of Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories.
- Members with Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers background.
- Unionists, i.e. members belonging or came from the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions.
Controversies
Comments of Tiananmen massacre
On 15 May 2007, then-party chairman Ma Lik provoked widespread condemnation within the local community when he claimed that "there was not a massacre" during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, as there was "no intentional and indiscriminate shooting". He said the popular belief of foreigners' "rash claims" that a massacre took place showed Hong Kong's lack of maturity. He said that Hong Kong showed, through this lack of patriotism and national identity, that it would thus "not be ready for democracy until 2022".[36]
Vice-Chairman Tam Yiu-chung defended Ma, but questioned the timing: "people will understand it gradually".[36] However, Vice-Chairman Lau Kong-wah, immediately offered to apologise, and distanced the party from Ma, saying that Ma had expressed "a personal opinion".[37] The DAB Central committee declined any further action against Ma following their meeting, and there was no official apology.
Allegations of irregularities
The DAB has been accused by pro-democracy media and politicians of providing benefits to certain people, including seafood meals and local trips to outlying islands at prices significantly lower than market rates to win their support. Other allegations include free transport to mobilise people for their cause. However, none of these practices are strictly illegal in Hong Kong.
Election performances
Legislative Council elections
Election | Number of popular votes | % of popular votes | GC seats | FC seats | EC seats | Total seats | +/− | Position |
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1995 | 142,801 | 15.66 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 / 60 | 5 | 3rd |
1998 | 373,428 | 25.23 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 / 60 | – | 3rd |
2000 | 374,780 | 28.40 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 11 / 60 | 2 | 2nd |
2004 | 454,827 | 25.49 | 9 | 3 | 12 / 60 | 2 | 1st | |
2008 | 433,684 | 28.45 | 9 | 4 | 13 / 60 | 2 | 1st | |
2012 | 366,140 | 20.22 | 9 | 4 | 13 / 70 | 3 | 1st | |
2016 | 361,617 | 16.68 | 7 | 5 | 12 / 70 | 1 | 1st |
Municipal elections
Election | Number of popular votes | % of popular votes | UrbCo seats | RegCo seats | Total elected seats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 90,548 | 16.24 | 5 / 32 | 3 / 27 | 8 / 59 |
District Councils elections
Election | Number of popular votes | % of popular votes | Total elected seats | +/− |
---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | 81,126 | 11.82 | 37 / 346 | 12 |
1999 | 190,792 | 23.53 | 83 / 390 | 27 |
2003 | 241,202 | 22.94 | 62 / 400 | 21 |
2007 | 292,916 | 25.73 | 115 / 405 | 40 |
2011 | 282,119 | 23.89 | 136 / 412 | 16 |
2015 | 309,262 | 21.39 | 119 / 431 | 0 |
Leadership
Chairpersons
№ | Chairman (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Constituency | Took Office | Left Office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tsang Yok-sing (born 1947) | Kowloon West | 10 July 1992 | 3 December 2003 | |
2 | Ma Lik (1952–2007) | Hong Kong Island | 9 December 2003 | 8 August 2007[n 1] | |
3 | Tam Yiu-chung (born 1949) | New Territories West | 28 August 2007 | 17 April 2015 | |
4 | Starry Lee (born 1974) | District Council (Second) | 17 April 2015 | Incumbent |
^
Died in office, Tam Yiu-chung served as acting chair between 28 August to 3 September 2007.
Vice-Chairpersons
Tam Yiu-chung, 1992–1997, 2002–2007
Cheng Kai-nam, 1997–2000
Ip Kwok-him, 1998–2009
Lo Chi-keung, 2000–2005
Maria Tam Wai-chu, 2005–2007
Lau Kong-wah, 2005–2012
Gregory So Kam-leung, 2007–2008
Ann Chiang Lai-wan, 2008–2015
Carson Wen, 2009–2011
Horace Cheung Kwok-kwan, 2011–present
Starry Lee Wai-king, 2011–2015
Thomas Pang Cheung-wai, 2013–present
Brave Chan Yung, 2013–present
Gary Chan Hak-kan, 2015–present
Holden Chow Ho-ding, 2015–present
Secretaries general
Cheng Kai-nam, 1992–1997
Ma Lik, 1997–2003- Kan Chi-ho, 2003–2009
Thomas Pang Cheung-wai, 2009–2013- Chan Hok-fung, 2013–present
Treasurers
- Wong Kine-yuen, 1992–present
Deputy secretaries general
Tso Wong Man-yin, 2005–2009- Albert Wong Shun-yee, 2009–2011
- Chan Hok-fung, 2011–2013
- Chris Ip Ngo-tung, 2013–present
- Kin Hung Kam-in, 2017–present
- Vincent Cheng Wing-shun, 2017–present
- Joe Lai Wing-ho, 2017–present
Senate chairmen
Jose Sun-Say Yu, 2005–2015- Lo Man-tuen, 2015–present
Representatives
Executive Council
- Ip Kwok-him
- Cheung Kwok-kwan
Legislative Council
Constituency | Member |
---|---|
Hong Kong Island | Cheung Kwok-kwan |
Kowloon West | Chiang Lai-wan |
Vincent Cheng Wing-shun | |
Kowloon East | Wilson Or |
New Territories West | Chan Han-pan |
Leung Che-cheung | |
New Territories East | Chan Hak-kan |
Elizabeth Quat | |
Agriculture and Fisheries | Steven Ho Chun-yin |
Import and Export | Wong Ting-kwong |
District Council (First) | Lau Kwok-fan |
District Council (Second) | Starry Lee Wai-king |
Holden Chow Ho-ding |
District Councils
District | Constituency | Member | District | Constituency | Member |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong Island & Kowloon | New Territories | ||||
Central & Western | Kennedy Town & Mount Davis | Chan Hok-fung | Tsuen Wan | Yeung Uk Road | Chan Han-pan |
Kwun Lung | Yeung Hoi-wing | Clague Garden | Koo Yeung-pong | ||
Sai Wan | Cheung Kwok-kwan | Tsuen Wan West | Nixie Lam Lam | ||
Sai Ying Pun | Lo Yee-hang | Cheung Shek | Chan Chun-chung | ||
Water Street | Yeung Hok-ming | Tuen Mun | Siu Tsui | Yip Man-pan | |
Wan Chai | Oi Kwan | Anna Tang King-yung | Yau Oi South | Tsang Hin-hong | |
Canal Road | Jacqueline Chung Ka-man | Yuet Wu | Cheung Hang-fai | ||
Victoria Park | Jennifer Chow Kit-bing | Wu King | Leung Kin-man | ||
Tai Fat Hau | Kenny Lee Kwun-yee | Lung Mun | Lung Shui-hing | ||
Eastern | Aldrich Bay | Ngan Chun-lim | Leung King | Ching Chi-hung | |
Shaukeiwan | Lam Sum-lin | Kin Sang | Chan Man-wah | ||
Wan Tsui | Kung Pak-cheung | Siu Hong | Mo Shing-fung | ||
Mount Parker | Wong Kin-pan | Yuen Long | Fung Nin | Lui Kin | |
Fort Street | Hung Lin-cham | Yuen Long Centre | Siu Long-ming | ||
Kam Ping | Choy So-yuk | Shui Oi | Kwok Keung | ||
Healthy Village | Cheng Chi-sing | Chung Wah | Wong Wai-ling | ||
Quarry Bay | Eddie Ting Kong-ho | Yiu Yau | Ma Shuk-yin | ||
Lower Yiu Tung | Dominic Wong Chi-chung | Tin Yiu | Leung Che-cheung | ||
Hing Man | Lau Hing-yeung | North | Luen Wo Hui | Tsang Hing-lung | |
Kai Hiu | Elaine Chik Kit-ling | Wah Do | Yiu Ming | ||
Southern | Wah Kwai | Ada Mak Tse How-ling | Yan Shing | Lau Kwok-fan | |
Shek Yue | Chu Lap-wai | Choi Yuen | So Sai-chi | ||
Yau Tsim Mong | Tsim Sha Tsui West | Hung Chiu-wah | Fung Tsui | Liu Hing-hung | |
Jordan South | Chris Ip Ngo-tung | Sha Ta | Wan Wo-fai | ||
Yau Ma Tei South | Yeung Tsz-hei | Queen's Hill | Tony Tang Kun-nin | ||
Charming | Chung Kong-mo | Tai Po | Tai Po Hui | Li Kwok-ying | |
Tai Kok Tsui South | Benjamin Choi Siu-fung | Chung Ting | Eric Tam Wing-fun | ||
Tai Kok Tsui North | Lau Pak-kei | Tai Yuen | Cheng Chun-ping | ||
Tsim Sha Tui Central | Kwan Sau-ling | Kwong Fuk & Plover Cove | Wong Pik-kiu | ||
Jordan North | Craig Jo Chun-wah | Wang Fuk | Clement Woo Kin-man | ||
Sham Shui Po | Nam Cheong North | Vincent Cheng Wing-shun | Ex Officio | Cheung Hok-ming | |
Nam Cheong Central | Lau Pui-yuk | Sai Kung | Sai Kung Central | Ng Sze-fuk | |
Lai Kok | Chan Wing-yan | Pak Sha Wan | Hiew Moo-siew | ||
Mei Foo South | Wong Tat-tung | Sai Kung Islands | Philip Li Ka-leung | ||
Un Chau & So Uk | Chan Wai-ming | Hang Hau West | Yau Yuk-lun | ||
Kowloon City | Ma Tau Wai | Terrence Siu Tin-hung | King Lam | Wan Kai-ming | |
Ma Tau Kok | Kwan Ho-yeung | Hau Tak | Ling Man-hoi | ||
Sheung Lok | Luk King-kwong | Fu Nam | Chan Pok-chi | ||
Lung Shing | Ng Po-keung | Kwong Ming | Chong Yuen-tung | ||
Hoi Sham | Pun Kwok-wah | Sha Tin | Wo Che Estate | Anna Yue Shin-man | |
To Kwa Wan North | Starry Lee Wai-king | Tai Wai | Tung Kin-lei | ||
Hung Hom | Lam Tak-shing | Sui Wo | Thomas Pang Cheung-wai | ||
Oi Man | Ng Fan-kam | Yiu On | Stanley Li Sai-wing | ||
Wong Tai Sin | Fung Tak | Kan Chi-ho | On Tai | Alvin Chiu Man-leong | |
Tung Tau | Li Tak-hong | Pik Woo | Iris Wong Ping-fan | ||
Wang Tau Hom | Joe Lai Wing-ho | Kwong Hong | Wong Fu-sang | ||
Tsz Wan West | Yuen Kwok-keung | Kwai Tsing | Shek Yam | Li Sai-lung | |
Tsz Wan East | Ho Hon-man | Tai Pak Tin | Kwok Fu-yung | ||
Choi Wan East | Timothy Choy Tsz-kin | Lai Wah | Chu Lai-lng | ||
Choi Wan West | Tam Mei-po | Cho Yiu | Pau Ming-hong | ||
Kwun Tong | Kai Yip | Au Yeung Kwan-nok | Shing Hong | Leung Wai-man | |
Ping Shek | Chan Chun-kit | Tsing Yi South | Poon Chi-shing | ||
Sheung Choi | Tam Siu-cheuk | Cheung Hang | Lo Yuen-ting | ||
Jordan Valley | Ngan Man-yu | Cheung On | Law King-shing | ||
Po Tat | Hung Kam-in | Islands | Yat Tung Estate North | Tang Ka-piu | |
Sau Mau Ping Central | Cheung Pui-kong | Tung Chung South | Holden Chow Ho-ding | ||
Kwong Tak | Wilson Or Chong-shing | Lamma and Po Toi | Yu Lai-fan | ||
Yau Tong East | Cheung Ki-tang | Cheung Chau North | Lee Kwai-chun | ||
Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate | Ben Chan Kok-wah | ||||
Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate | Cheung Yiu-pan |
National People's Congress
- Chan Yung
- Choy So-yuk
- Ip Kwok-him
Tam Yiu-chung (NPCSC member)- Wong Ting-chung
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
- Chau On Ta-yuen
- Rock Chen Chung-nin
- Chong Shaw-swee
- Chung Shui-ming
- Ip Shun-hing
- Starry Lee Wai-king
- Leung Che-cheung
- Lo Siu-kit
- Nancy Wong
- Michael Ngai Ming-tak
- Thomas Pang Cheung-wai
- Irons Sze
- Ricky Tsang Chi-ming
- Wong Ming-yeung
- Yu Kwok-chun
- Zhou Chun-ling
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. |
- Politics of Hong Kong
- List of political parties in Hong Kong
References
^ "Basic Info". The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ ab Ma, Ngok (2012). "Political Parties and Elections". In Lam, Wai-man; Lui, Percy Luen-tim; Wong, Wilson. Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9-88-813947-7.
^ ab "Hong Kong anti-gay advocates claim same-sex marriage will lead to human trafficking, abortions, incest". Hong Kong Free Press. 11 July 2017.
^ Sing, Ming (January 2009). "Hong Kong's Democrats Hold Their Own". Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20 (1). doi:10.1353/jod.0.0046.
^ abcdefgh Lo, Shiu-hing (June 1996). "Political Parties in a Democratizing Polity: The Role of the "Pro-China" Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong". Asian Journal of Political Science. 4 (1): 98–129. doi:10.1080/02185379608434074.
^ Lee, Jane C. Y. (1993). "China's Relations with Hong Kong". In Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek; Brosseau, Maurice. China Review 1993. The Chinese University Press.
^ "認識我們>歷史>1995". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007.
^ Mee, Kau Nyaw; Li, Si-ming, eds. (1996). The Other Hong Kong Report 1996. Chinese University Press. p. 55.
^ The Other Hong Kong Report 1996, p. 38.
^ "認識我們>歷史>1996". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
^ Ho, Andy (30 September 1997). "The old pack reshuffled". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ Schafferer, Christian (2005). Understanding Modern East Asian Politics. Nova Publishers. p. 106.
^ Kuan, Hsin-chi, ed. (1999). Power Transfer and Electoral Politics: The First Legislative Election in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Chinese University Press. p. 131.
^ Ho, Karl (September 1999). "The Hong Kong Legislative Election of 1998". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 438–445. doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(99)00012-8. ISSN 0261-3794.
^ "認識我們>歷史>1998". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
^ "認識我們>歷史>1999". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
^ Liu, Zhaojia; Lau, Siu-kai (2002). The First Tung Chee-hwa Administration: The First Five Years of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Chinese University Press. p. 29.
^ Kwong, Bruce Kam (2009). Patron-Client Politics and Elections in Hong Kong. Routledge. p. 101.
^ Cannix Yau, "DAB chief resigns over 'worst setback'" Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 25 November 2003
^ "認識我們>歷史>2003". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
^ Kuah, Khun Eng; Guiheux, Gilles, eds. (2009). Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space. Amsterdam University Press. p. 191.
^ Lui, Percy Luen-tim (2012). "The Legislature". In Lam, Wai-man; Lui, Percy Luen-tim; Wong, Wilson. Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-9-88-813947-7.
^ "民建聯新班子 突顯年輕專業". Wen Wei Po. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
^ "關於我們 > 歷史 > 大事年表 > 2007". The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong.
^ "CE appoints Under Secretaries (with photos)". Hong Kong Information Services Department. 20 May 2008.
^ Ewing, Kent (3 June 2008). "Hong Kong deputies disappoint". Asia Times.
^ "民 建 聯 領 導 層 改 選 李 慧 琼 當 選 主 席". RTHK. 17 April 2015.
^ "中總已將18提名表格交林鄭". Hong Kong Economic Journal. 8 January 2017.
^ "CE contender Carrie Lam secures first political party endorsement for Hong Kong's leadership". South China Morning Post. 13 February 2017.
^ "【特首選舉】工聯會呼籲63名選委全投林鄭 黃國健承認有施壓策略". HK01. 24 March 2017.
^ Oh, To Be Young And Chinese, Newsweek, 6 July 1997
^ Cheung, Tony (8 February 2015). "Outgoing DAB chairman Tam Yiu-chung looks to a new generation". South China Morning Post.
^ Chan, Ming K. So, Alvin Y. White, Lynn T. Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. [2002] (2002). M.E. Sharpe.
ISBN 0-7656-1000-0.
^ Rioni, S. G., ed. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. p. 24.
^ ab Wong, Wai Ching Angela (2013). "The Politics of Sexual Morality and Evangelical Activism in Hong Kong". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 14 (3): 340–360. doi:10.1080/14649373.2013.801606.
^ ab Ambrose Leung, "Fury at DAB chief's Tiananmen tirade", Page 1, South China Morning Post, 16 May 2007
^ 「馬力認輕佻拒撤觀點,否認促為六四定調 願受黨處分」, Ming Pao, 7 May 2007 (in Chinese)
External links
- Official website