Free Aceh Movement
| Free Aceh Movement | |
|---|---|
 Flag of the Free Aceh Movement | |
| Active | 4 December 1976 – 27 December 2005 |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Allegiance | Acehnese nationalism |
| Role | Guerrilla warfare, politics |
| Garrison/HQ | City, mountains and jungles of Aceh |
| Equipment | small arms |
| Engagements | Insurgency in Aceh |
| Website | asnlf.org |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Hasan di Tiro |
| Insignia | |
| Identification symbol | Crescent moon and star |
The Free Aceh Movement (Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM, Acehnese: Geurakan Acèh Meurdèka, also: Gěrakan Aceh Měrdeka[1]) was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra from Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh insurgency from 1976 to 2005, during which over 15,000 lives are believed to have been lost.[2]
The organisation surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian Government, and subsequently changed its name into Aceh Transition Committee (Komite Peralihan Aceh, KPA). The Indonesian government called the group the Aceh Security Disturbance Movement.
Contents
1 Background
2 Guerrilla war
2.1 GAM I
2.2 GAM II
2.3 GAM III
3 Peace negotiations
4 2006 elections
5 2012 elections
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background
Teuku Daud Beureueh
The conflict in Aceh stems from several major factors including historical mistreatment, disagreements over Islamic law, discontent over the distribution of Aceh's natural resource wealth, and the increase in the numbers of Javanese people in Aceh.[3]
During the era of Dutch colonisation in the 1800s Aceh was a centre of resistance against Dutch colonial rule. The Acehnese resisted Dutch forces. They were one of the last Indonesian people to succumb to colonial rule and only after a brutal 30-year campaign, the Aceh War of 1873-1903.[4] When the Netherlands transferred sovereignty of their colonial territory, administration of Aceh was handed over to Indonesia and GAM claims that this was done without consultation with Acehnese authorities.[3]Daud Bereueh mounted an armed rebellion that ended with Aceh being granted special status by President Sukarno.[4] This special status gave Aceh control on religion, custom law and education.
Motivated by discovery of large gas reserves in Lhokseumawe and driven by inherent ethnic-chauvinism widespread amongst the Acehnese, a former Darul Islam "foreign minister", Hasan di Tiro established the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) in December 1976. The small movement carried out its first attack on Mobil Oil engineers in 1977, killing one American engineer. Due to this incident, GAM came under the attention of central government who sent small units of counter-insurgency troops that successfully crushed the movement. Di Tiro was nearly killed and was forced to flee to Malaysia while all members of his "cabinet" were either killed or forced to flee abroad by 1979.
Guerrilla war
| GAM Incarnation | Years Operating | Active members | Casualties |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAM I | 1976–79 | 25–200 | >100 |
| GAM II | 1989–91 | 200–750 | 2,000–10,000 |
| GAM III | 1999–2002 | 15,000–27,000 | 4,364 |
Since its inception GAM has gone through three stages or three rises and falls. The first was at its birth in 1976 to the year 1979 when it was almost wiped out. The second rise and fall was in 1989 to the early 90s when it received funding and training from foreign countries. The third rise was a result of finally gaining widespread support throughout Aceh as a result of donations and extortion and a large group of potential soldiers who had lost relatives in the previous uprising.
GAM I
At first the guerilla war of GAM was quite unsuccessful. By 1977 the central government appeared to have entirely neutralised the group.[5] The early GAM efforts were mainly directed at the local Exxon Mobil gas plant. Di Tiro had connections with the petroleum industry and even bid, via a tender process, on a contract to build a gas pipeline which was beaten by the gas giant Bechtel.[4] The reason for this failure was a lack of popular support from both within Aceh and from international sources. President Suharto was favoured by countries such as America due to his anti communist policies during the Cold War period.[5]
GAM II
The group renewed its activities in the 1989, apparently with financial support from Libya and Iran, fielding around 1,000 soldiers.[4] This training from overseas meant that GAM soldiers were much more organised and better trained than the previous insurgency. To counter this new threat Aceh was declared an "area of special military operations" (Daerah Operasi Militer) or DOM in 1989.[citation needed] Special counter- insurgency troops were sent in and Aceh was locked down. Villages that were suspected of harbouring GAM operatives were burnt down and family members of suspected militants were kidnapped and tortured.[citation needed] Amnesty International called the military response "shock therapy"[6] and it is believed 7,000 human rights abuses took place during DOM.[citation needed] GAM forces have also been suspected of Human Rights abuses. Extra judicial executions of suspected military informants and targeting of civilian infrastructure such as schools have both been attributed to GAM operations.[citation needed]
In 1996 the Indonesian government announced the end of GAM.,[7] as the counter-insurgency operations had effectively destroyed GAM as a guerilla force. Surviving GAM members were forced to hide in Malaysia.
GAM III
Female soldiers of the Free Aceh Movement with GAM commander Abdullah Syafei'i, 1999
The fall of Suharto in 1998 and the decision of his successor President Jusuf Habibie to withdraw troops from Aceh as part of democratic reform gave space for GAM to re-establish itself, recruiting youths by exploiting brutality stories of Indonesian military. Increasing violence beginning in 1999 by GAM rebels against government officials and Javanese residents, buoyed by massive weapons smuggling from Thailand by the GAM, led to an increase in military presence. Troop numbers are believed to have risen during the rule of Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2001–02 the combination of military and police forces in Aceh had grown to about 30,000. In one year this number jumped to 50,000 operating in what the International Crisis group called, "a virtual legal vacuum".[4] The security crackdowns during this time resulted in several thousand civilian deaths.[8] The government launched a large 2003–04 Indonesian offensive in Aceh against the GAM in 2003 with some success.
Peace negotiations
The leaders of GAM, Hasan di Tiro, and his chief deputy, Zaini Abdullah, and Malik Mahmud lived in exile in Stockholm, Sweden for most of the 1980s and 1990s.[3] The group's main Indonesian spokesman was Abdullah Syafei'i Dimatang.[3] In the late 1990s GAM began peace talks with Jakarta, brokered by the Swedish government.
In 1999 it was reported that the group had split into two factions, GAM (representing the original group) and the Free Aceh Movement Government Council (MP-GAM).[9] This was denied by GAM spokespersons but was widely reported in the Indonesian media.[10]
On December 2002, GAM and GoI signed a breakthrough Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (COHA) which only held for a few months before violations started occurring. The mediator in these negotiations, the Henry Dunant Centre for International Dialogue (HDC) did not have proper monitoring and enforcing mechanisms to enact sanctions for violations.[11]
In 2002-2004, the GAM was severely hit by a series of government offensives in which the organisation lost approximately 50% of its members including its commander, Abdullah Syafei'i Dimatang, who was killed in a military ambush on January 2002.
On Tuesday, 28 December 2004, in the aftermath of the devastation caused by a massive tsunami, GAM declared a ceasefire of hostilities to allow for aid to reach within the disputed area. In turn, the Indonesian government temporarily removed restrictions of northern Sumatra to allow for rescue efforts in that area.
Other Aceh separatist groups exist and there was some tension between them and GAM over tactics and GAM's monopoly of negotiations with the government.
On 27 February 2005, the Free Aceh Movement and the delegation of the Indonesian government started another round of peace talks in Vantaa, Finland, moderated by former Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari.[12] On 16 July 2005, the Indonesian Minister of Communication and GAM announced a peace deal to end the thirty-year insurgency.
The peace agreement was officially signed on 15 August 2005 in the Finnish Government Banquet Hall in Helsinki[13] by chief Indonesian negotiator Hamid Awaluddin and GAM leader Malik Mahmud.[2] President Ahtisaari was the witness of the peace treaty.
Under the terms of the agreement, both sides agreed to cease all hostilities immediately. GAM also agreed to disarm, while the Government pledged to withdraw all non-local military and police by the end of 2005. An Aceh Monitoring Mission was set up by the EU and ASEAN to oversee the process of disarmament and the reintegration into society of GAM members.[14] A presidential decree granted amnesty to about five hundred former GAM members who were in exile in other countries, and unconditionally released about 1,400 members who had been jailed by the Government.[citation needed]
The Government agreed to facilitate the establishment of Aceh-based political parties; this had been one of the most contentious issues in previous negotiations. A "truth and reconciliation commission" will be organised. On the question of the uneven distribution of income, it was settled that seventy percent of the income from local natural resources will stay within Aceh.
On 27 December 2005, the leaders of the Free Aceh Movement announced that they had disbanded their military wing.[15] The action, which took effect immediately, follows from earlier peace talks and the destruction of 840 weapons by international observers, Free Aceh movement commander Sofyan Daud told reporters, "The Aceh national army is now part of civil society, and will work to make the peace deal a success." As a sign of how the peace process was progressing the founder of Aceh's separatist rebel movement, Hasan di Tiro, returned to Indonesia on 11 October 2008 after nearly 30 years in exile.[16]
2006 elections
During the election of 11 December 2006, the Free Aceh Movement temporarily split into two factions each supporting its own candidate for governorship. One side supported Zaini Abdullah's brother, and the other side supported Irwandi Yusuf, a former GAM negotiator. Irwandi Yusuf got more support from the grass root level and won the election.[17] The losing faction proceeded to bide its time, aiming to make a comeback in the next gubernatorial election in Aceh due at the end of Irwandi's five-year term in 2011. In the event, the gubernatorial election due to be held at the end of 2011 was delayed by procedural squabbling as different factions scrambled for advantage. The elections took place in April 2012.
2012 elections
The 2012 election, held on 9 April, was largely a continuation of post-agreement rivalries between former GAM leaders, with Zaini Abdullah having returned from exile and entered into the contest for the governorship against Irwandi. Zaini Abdullah, with the strong support of the Aceh Party, won the election with a substantial majority.
See also
- Free Papua Movement
- Fretilin
References
^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2008). History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200. Stanford University Press. p. 364..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ ab "Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal". BBC News. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ abcd "Aceh's Gam separatists". BBC News. 24 January 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ abcdef Michael L. Ross (2007). "Resources and Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ ab Kirsten E. Schulze. The Free Aceh Movement (GAM): Anatomy of a Separatist Organization (September 2004 ed.). East-West Center Washington. p. 76. ISBN 1-932728-02-3.
^ "Indonesia: Human rights atrocities in Aceh". Amnesty International. 25 August 1998. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ "Free Aceh Movement [Gerakin Aceh Merdeka (GAM)]". GlobalSecurity.org. 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ Barakat, S Connolly, D & Large, J. Winning and Losing in Aceh: Five Key Dilemmas in Third-Party Intervention. Frank Crass London
^ Michelle A. Miller. (2008). Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia. Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Policies in Aceh, Routledge, London, pp.78-79.
ISBN 978-0-415-45467-4
^ Details of the split and some activities of the MP-GAM in Malaysia are discussed in detail in Missbach, Antje (2012), Separatist Conflict in Indonesia: The long-distance politics of the Acehnese diaspora, London and New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-66896-5.
^ Huber, K, 2004, The HDC in Aceh: Promises and pitfalls of NGO mediation and implementation, East-West Center, Washington.
^ Hamid Awaludin, Minister for Law and Human Rights between October 2004 and May 2007, was leader of the Indonesian Government delegation for the negotiations. A detailed account is set out in Hamid Awaludin, Peace in Aceh: Notes on the peace process between the Republic of Indonesia and the Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM) in Helsinki, CSIS, Jakarta, 2009, translated by Tim Scott,
ISBN 978-979-1295-11-6.
^ "Acehin rauhansopimuksesta 10 vuotta" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ pp. 411-427 - Billon, P, Waizenegger (July 2007). "Peace in the wake of disaster? Secessionist conflicts and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami". Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved 11 October 2008.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Aceh rebels disband armed units". BBC News. 27 December 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ "Exiled Aceh leader returns". aljazeera. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ Ben Hillman, 'Aceh's Rebels Turn to Ruling', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 170, No. 1, January–February 2007, 49-53.
Further reading
- Anderson, Bobby (2013). Gangster, Ideologue, Martyr: the Posthumous Reinvention of Teungku Badruddin and the Nature of the Free Aceh Movement, in Conflict, Security, and Development Issue 13.1, King’s College London. https://www.academia.edu/3398767/Gangster_Ideologue_Martyr_the_Posthumous_Reinvention_of_Teungku_Badruddin_and_the_Nature_of_the_Free_Aceh_Movement
Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin (1985). The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9971-988-16-6.- Miller, Michelle Ann (2009). Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia. Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Policies in Aceh. London and New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-45467-4 - Missbach, Antje (2012). Separatist Conflict in Indonesia: The long-distance politics of the Acehnese diaspora. London and New York: Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-66896-5
External links
Full text of 2005 peace agreement, BBC, 15 August 2005
The Election of Acheh Governor, Tribun, 15 June 2016
