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Clyde Cessna
Cessna circa 1920
Born	(1879-12-05)December 5, 1879 Hawthorne, Iowa, United States
Died	November 20, 1954(1954-11-20) (aged 74) Wichita, Kansas, United States
Residence	Kansas
Occupation	Aircraft Designer, Aviator, Aviation Entrepreneur
Known for	Cessna Aircraft founder
Children	Eldon Cessna

Clyde Vernon Cessna (/ˈsɛsnə/;^[1] December 5, 1879 – November 20, 1954) was an American aircraft designer, aviator, and founder of the Cessna Aircraft Corporation.

Biography

Early years

Clyde Vernon Cessna was born in Hawthorne, in Montgomery County, Iowa on December 5, 1879. Cessna's family was of French and German ancestry.^[2] When he was 2, he and his family moved to rural Rago in Kingman County, Kansas, along the Chikaskia River. During his boyhood he used his self-taught innovation and mechanical skills to improve farm machinery and to develop new farming methods.^[3] He later became a successful car dealer in Enid, Oklahoma.^[4]

Clyde's interest in aviation began in 1910 after witnessing an aerial exhibition in his home state of Kansas.^[5] It was this exhibition that led him in future years to pursue his career in aviation.^[6] After realizing his interest in aviation, Clyde left Oklahoma and moved to New York where he worked for a short period at the Queen Aeroplane Company where he first learned about the construction of aircraft.^[4]

First flight

Cessna with his second design, "The Comet", an improved version of the Silverwing, circa 1916

In 1911, he set out to build his first airplane, an airplane he named "Silverwing".^[4] His first design was a monoplane, constructed of spruce and linen and which took the form of an American version of the Bleriot XI. The engine was a modified Elbridge motorboat motor, dubbed the "aero special", which was a 2-stroke, 4-cylinder engine with a maximum of 40 hp (30 kW) and 1,050 rpm.^[4] Upon completion, he sought to test the aircraft at the Great Salt Plains (adjacent to the Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge) in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma. His first attempt at flight ended in a ground loop, which required $100 to repair. After repairs, Cessna attempted flight 13 more times, each time ending in some sort of failure. Finally on his 13th attempt, Cessna got a glimpse of hope as his aircraft bounced up into the air for a short time before crashing into the trees as he attempted to turn it. After his crash, Cessna exclaimed in frustration, "I'm going to fly this thing, then I'm going to set it afire and never have another thing to do with aeroplanes!". Finally, in June 1911 Cessna had his first successful flight. The crowds that had scoffed at his failures changed their tone and began calling him a "daring hero" and nicknamed him the "Birdman of Enid".^[7] Cessna continued to teach himself how to fly over the next several months until December 1911, when he made a successful 5-mile (8.0 km) flight and a successful landing at the point of departure.^[4] He was the first person to build and fly an airplane in the Heartland of the United States—between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.^[8]

The middle years

The factory from 1917

After the success of the Silverwing, Cessna permanently quit his work with the automobile industry to pursue his interests in aviation. Between 1912 and 1915, Cessna developed several new monoplanes, all powered by an Anzani 6-cylinder with 40–60 hp. During this time, Clyde often flew his aircraft at holiday events and county fairs, an endeavour that at the time proved to be lucrative.^[4]

It was in 1916 that Clyde acquired a vacant building to begin building a new aircraft for the 1917 aviation exhibition season. His factory served a dual purpose, as he also opened a flight school in which he had five enrolled student pilots. However, in April 1917 when the United States declared war, the exhibition flying market ground to a halt. With his primary source of income grounded, Clyde returned to his old home near Rago, Kansas, where he resumed his duties on the family farm.^[4]

Travel Air Manufacturing Company

In the years following World War I public interest in private flying increased, leading Cessna in 1925, along with Walter Beech and Lloyd Stearman, to found the Travel Air Manufacturing Company in Wichita, Kansas. While Cessna was president, the company soon became one of the leading US aircraft manufacturers. This success may be attributed to Cessna's advanced design concepts and aircraft that attained international recognition in the course of establishing numerous speed and distance records.^[5][9] After two years, Cessna left the company with plans to start his own firm,^[9] due to design disputes with his partners over the monoplane versus the biplane.

Cessna Aircraft Corporation

A Cessna DC-6B

On September 7, 1927, Cessna and aviation entrepreneur Victor Roos paired to form Cessna-Roos Aircraft. Roos resigned just one month into the partnership, selling back his interest to Cessna, and the company changed its name to Cessna Aircraft Corporation in December.^[6][10] In the later part of 1927, Cessna struggled to design and build an efficient monoplane. The AW was completed near the end of 1927.^[5]

Cessna followed the AW with the CW-6, which flew in 1928, and the DC-6, which flew in 1929. He then collaborated with his son, Eldon, in designing and flying the CR-series racing aircraft.^[5]

Despite the success of new models, the Great Depression led to a catastrophic drop in aircraft sales, a bankruptcy filing for the corporation, and the complete closure of the company in 1931. In 1934, Cessna reopened his Wichita plant, which he soon sold to his nephews—aeronautical engineer Dwane Wallace and his brother, attorney Dwight Wallace—in 1936.^[9][11]

Later years

After turning over the Cessna Aircraft Corporation to his nephews, Dwane and Dwight Wallace, Cessna returned to a life of farming.^[9] Clyde operated an early diesel three-track tractor building ponds for local farmers.^[12] Upon Dwane's request, he agreed to participate in the company but served mostly in a ceremonial capacity and stayed out of the company's day-to-day business.^[4]

He died on November 20, 1954, at the age of 74 in Wichita, Kansas.^[9][13]

Legacy

Cessna was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1978 and the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1983.^[14] He was ranked number 27 on Flying magazine's list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation in 2013.^[15]

References

Further reading

• Bissionette, Bruce, The Wichita 4: Cessna, Moellendick, Beech & Stearman, (from interviews with Matty Laird, Lloyd Stearman, Olive Ann Beech, Dwane Wallace, Herb Rawdon, Walter Burnham, and other principals).


• Deneau, Gerald An Eye to the Sky. 1962, Cessna Aircraft Co., Wichita, KS (semi-official company history, with exceptional detail and unusual candor about some products)


• 
  Phillips, Edward H., Cessna: A Master's Expression. Eagan, MN: Flying Books, 1985.
  OCLC 13522983
  


• 
  Phillips, Edward H., Cessna: Model 120 to Citation III. Eagan, MN: Flying Books, 1986.
  ISBN 0911139052
  


• 
  Phillips, Edward H., Wings of Cessna: Model 120 to Citation X. Eagan, MN : Flying Books International, ©1994.
  OCLC 32516985
  


• Rodengen, Jeffrey L., The Legend of Cessna. (Cessna-sponsored history, mostly derivative of others' writings, including those listed above), 2007, Ft. Lauderdale, FL:Write Stuff, Inc.,
  ISBN 978-1932022261
  


• Christy, Joe; revised by Brian J. Dooley, A Complete Guide to Single-Engine Cessnas, 4th.ed., 1993, TAB/McGraw-Hill, New York

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clyde Vernon Cessna.

• 
  Clyde Cessna and the Founding of the Cessna Aircraft Company from Disciples of Flight
  


• 
  From the Ground Up short film presented by the Kansas Humanities Council


• 
  Clyde Cessna at Find a Grave