The Association of Caribbean States (ACS; Spanish: Asociación de Estados del Caribe; French: Association des États de la Caraïbe) is a union of nations centered on the Caribbean Basin. It was formed with the aim of promoting consultation, cooperation, and concerted action among all the countries of the Caribbean. The primary purpose of the ACS is to develop greater trade between the nations, enhance transportation, develop sustainable tourism, and facilitate greater and more effective responses to local natural disasters.
It comprises twenty-five member states and seven associate members.[1] The convention establishing the ACS was signed on July 24, 1994, in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. The secretariat of the organisation is located in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Contents
1ACS objectives and goals
1.1Caribbean Sea agenda
2Performance evaluation
3Summits
4Membership
4.1Member states
4.2Associate member states
4.3Observer states
5Relationship with other supranational organisations
5.1Observer organisations
6Further reading
7References
8External links
ACS objectives and goals
The Association of Caribbean States is intended to promote regionalism amongst the member states. The success and functionality of the ACS is greatly debated among scholars. The main goals of the association are "to confirm the new concept of the Caribbean Basin by (A) accentuating those interests the Caribbean nations hold in common and (B) working to eliminate barriers left over from its colonial past."[2]
The organization seeks to use geographic proximity and regional cooperation (regionalism) for political and economic advantage[2] with respect to the global economy and trade blocs such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), European Union and South Asia. The ACS has four distinct areas of interest: Trade, Transport, Sustainable Tourism, and Natural Disasters. Each is pursued by a Special Committee which meets at least twice yearly in order to discuss current regional issues and draft treaties.[3]
The Special Committee on Trade Development and External Economic Relations works in an effort to create larger economic actions in the Caribbean by uniting its member states through integration and cooperation. Through various annual forums the ACS attempts to create economic cooperation in an attempt to benefit and expand the region's economy.[3]
The Special Committee on Transport works to promote an Air Transport Agreement amongst the countries which have ratified the agreement. Security of travelers and the policing of airborne crime like drug trafficking also falls under the auspices of the Special Committee on Transport.[3]
The Special Committee on Sustainable Tourism aims to promote tourism which is environmentally friendly.[3] The committee promotes the use of sustainable tourism which is healthy for the environment, and at the same time economically beneficial to the Caribbean as a region.
The Special Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction which aims to coordinate the prevention and response to natural disasters in the Caribbean.[3] The main focus of this committee is to maintain organization and attempt to maintain a high level of ability to cope with disasters.
Caribbean Sea agenda
One agenda adopted by the ACS has been an attempt to secure the designation of the Caribbean Sea as a special zone in the context of sustainable development, it is pushing for the UN to consider the Caribbean sea as an invaluable asset that is worth protecting and treasuring.[4] The organisation has sought to form a coalition among member states to devise a United Nations General Assembly resolution to ban the transshipment of nuclear materials through the Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal.
Performance evaluation
The success of the ACS is debated by many scholars on both sides. Those who suggest the ACS is successful would point to the many initiatives the developmental coalition has undertaken, as well as its large membership and relations with other international organisations like the European Union. Those who suggest it is unsuccessful note how by the end of the 1990s, unlike CARICOM, the ACS had failed to establish a track record which was worthy enough to allow for the evaluation of the ACS as a developmental coalition.[5] Furthermore, some scholars suggest that the ACS is unlikely to become a true player on the international level. Skeptics often point to other failed attempts at economic coalition building like the Central American Common Market (CACM) as an example of the instability of the region.[5] The influence of NAFTA on the Caribbean outlines the future struggle of the ACS. The future of the ACS in relation to the western hemisphere is uncertain. "Despite governmental statements of commitment to liberalisation, it will be difficult for Caribbean countries to succeed in putting their economies on a firmer footing that would enable them to compete effectively."[6]
Summits
The ACS has held five summits involving heads of state and/or government:
I ACS Summit, at Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, August 17–18, 1995.
II ACS Summit, at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, April 16–17, 1999.
III ACS Summit, at Isla Margarita, Venezuela, December 12, 2001.
IV ACS Summit, at Panama City, Panama, July 29, 2005.
V ACS Summit, at Pétion-Ville, Haiti, April 23–26, 2013.
VI ACS Summit, at Mérida, México, April 28–30, 2014.
VII ACS Summit, at La Havana, Cuba, June 4, 2016.
Membership
[7][8][9]
Member states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Associate member states
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Curaçao
France on behalf of:
French Guiana
Saint Barthélemy
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Netherlands on behalf of:
Bonaire
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Saint Martin
Sint Maarten
Observer states
Argentina
Belarus
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Ecuador
Egypt
Finland
India
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Netherlands
South Korea
Morocco
Palestine
Peru
Russia
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Relationship with other supranational organisations
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