Social Democratic Party of Germany


"SPD" redirects here. For other uses, see SPD (disambiguation).
















































Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
AbbreviationSPD
LeaderAndrea Nahles
General SecretaryLars Klingbeil
Deputy Leaders

  • Ralf Stegner

  • Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel

  • Olaf Scholz

  • Manuela Schwesig

  • Natascha Kohnen

  • Maria Luise Dreyer

Founded23 May 1863 (155 years ago) (1863-05-23)
Merger of
ADAV and SDAP
Headquarters
Willy-Brandt-Haus D-10911 Berlin, Germany
NewspaperVorwärts
Student wing

  • Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund
    (1946–1961)


  • Sozialdemokratischer Hochschulbund [de]
    (1961–1972)


  • Juso-Hochschulgruppen
    (since 1973)

Youth wingJusos
Women's wingAssociation of Social Democratic Women
Membership (January 2017)
Increase 457,700[1]
Ideology

  • Social democracy[2][3][4][5]


  • Pro-Europeanism[6]

Political position
Centre-left[7]
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
International affiliationProgressive Alliance
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colours
     Red
Bundestag

153 / 709

Bundesrat

20 / 69

State Parliaments

522 / 1,821

European Parliament

27 / 96

Prime Ministers of States

7 / 16

Party flag
Flag of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Website
spd.de
  • Politics of Germany

  • Political parties

  • Elections






Social democracy











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  • Politics portal

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The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD; [ˌzɔtsi̯alˈdeːmɔkʁaːtɪʃə paʁˈtaɪ̯ ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a social-democratic[2][3][4][5]political party in Germany.


Led by Andrea Nahles since 2018, the party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Germany along with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The Social Democrats have governed at the federal level in Germany as part of a grand coalition with the CDU and the Christian Social Union (CSU) since December 2013 following the results of the 2013 and 2017 federal elections. The party participates in 14 state governments and 7 of them are governed by SPD Minister-Presidents.


The SPD is a member of the Party of European Socialists and initiated the founding of the Progressive Alliance international for social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013[8][9][10] after criticising the Socialist International for its acceptance of authoritarian parties. Established in 1863, the SPD is by far the oldest extant political party represented in the German Parliament and was one of the first Marxist-influenced parties in the world.




Contents





  • 1 History


  • 2 Party platform

    • 2.1 Internal factions



  • 3 Base of support

    • 3.1 Social structure


    • 3.2 Geographic distribution



  • 4 Election results

    • 4.1 General German elections


    • 4.2 European Parliament


    • 4.3 State Parliaments (Länder)



  • 5 Leadership of the Social Democratic Party


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 Further reading


  • 9 External links




History


Main article: History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany



Membership development after 1945


The General German Workers' Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV) founded in 1863 and the Social Democratic Workers' Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SDAP) founded in 1869 later merged in 1875 under the name Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD). From 1878 to 1890, any grouping or meeting that aimed at spreading socialist principles was banned under the Anti-Socialist Laws, but the party still gained support in elections. In 1890, when the ban was lifted and it could again present electoral lists the party adopted its current name. In the years leading up to World War I, the party remained ideologically radical in official principle, although many party officials tended to be moderate in everyday politics. By 1912, the party claimed the most votes of any German party.


Despite the agreement of the Second International to oppose World War I, the Social Democrats voted in favor of war in 1914. In response to this and the Bolshevik Revolution, members of the left-wing and of the far-left of the SPD formed alternative parties, first the Spartacus League, then the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) while the more conservative faction was known as the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD). After 1918, the SPD played an important role in the political system of the Weimar Republic, although it took part in coalition governments only in few years (1918–1921, 1923 and 1928–1930). Adolf Hitler prohibited the party in 1933 under the Enabling Act and party officials were imprisoned, killed or went into exile. In exile, the party used the name Sopade. The Social Democrats had been the only party to vote against the Enabling Act while the Communist Party was blocked from voting.


In 1945, the Allied occupants in the Western zones initially allowed four parties to be established, which led to the Christian Democratic Union, the Free Democratic Party, the Communist Party and the SPD being established. In the Soviet zone of occupation, the Soviets forced the Social Democrats to form a common party with the Communists (Socialist Unity Party of Germany or SED). In the Western zones, the Communist Party was later banned by West Germany's Federal Constitutional Court in 1956. Since 1949, the SPD has been one of the two major parties in the Federal Republic of Germany, with the other being the Christian Democratic Union. From 1969 to 1982 and 1998 to 2005, the Chancellors of Germany were Social Democrats whereas the other years the Chancellors were Christian Democrats.



Party platform


The SPD was established as a Marxist party in 1875. However, the Social Democrats underwent a major shift in policies reflected in the differences between the Heidelberg Program of 1925 which "called for the transformation of the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership"[11] and the Godesberg Program of 1959 which aimed to broaden its voter base and move its political position toward the centre.[12] After World War II, under the leadership of Kurt Schumacher the SPD re-established itself as a socialist party representing the interests of the working class and the trade unions. However, with the Godesberg Program the party evolved from a socialist working-class party to a modern social-democratic party working within democracy.





Sigmar Gabriel, Vice Chancellor of Germany (2013–2018) and former chairman of the SPD


The current party platform of the SPD espouses the goal of social democracy, which is seen as a vision of a societal arrangement in which freedom and social justice are paramount. According to the party platform, freedom, justice and social solidarity form the basis of social democracy. The coordinated social market economy should be strengthened and its output should be distributed fairly. The party sees that economic system as necessary in order to ensure the affluence of the entire population. The SPD also tries to protect the society's poor with a welfare state. Concurrently, it advocates a sustainable fiscal policy that does not place a burden on future generations while eradicating budget deficits. In social policy, the Social Democrats stand for civil and political rights in an open society. In foreign policy, the party aims at ensuring global peace by balancing global interests with democratic means, thus European integration is one of the main priorities of the party. The SPD supports economic regulations to limit potential losses for banks and people. They support a common European economic and financial policy and to prevent speculative bubbles as well as environmentally sustainable growth.[13]



Internal factions


The SPD is mostly composed of members belonging to either of the two main wings, namely the Keynesian social democrats and Third Way moderate social democrats belonging to the Seeheimer Kreis. While the more moderate Seeheimer Kreis generally support the Agenda 2010 programs introduced by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, the Keynesian social democrats continue to defend classical left-wing policies and the welfare state. The classical left-wing of the SPD claims that in recent years the welfare state has been curtailed through reform programs such as the Agenda 2010, Hartz IV and the more economic liberal stance of the SPD, which were endorsed by centrist social democrats.[citation needed] As a reaction to the Agenda 2010, there was in 2005 the ascension of an inner party dissident movement which led ultimately to the foundation of the new party Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (Arbeit & soziale Gerechtigkeit – Die Wahlalternative, WASG). The WASG was later merged into The Left (Die Linke) in 2007.[14]



Base of support



Social structure


Before World War II, as the main non-revolutionary left-wing party the Social Democrats fared best among non-Catholic workers as well as intellectuals favouring social progressive causes and increased economic equality. Led by Kurt Schumacher after World War II, the SPD initially opposed both the social market economy and Konrad Adenauer's drive towards Western integration fiercely, but after Schumacher's death it accepted the social market economy and Germany's position in the Western alliance in order to appeal to a broader range of voters. It still remains associated with the economic causes of unionised employees and working class voters. In the 1990s, the left and moderate wings of the party drifted apart, culminating in a secession of a significant number of party members which later joined the socialist party WASG, which later merged into The Left (Die Linke).



Geographic distribution





2017 federal election SPD results


Geographically, much of the SPD's current-day support comes from large cities, especially of northern and western Germany and Berlin. The metropolitan area of the Ruhr Area, where coal mining and steel production were once the biggest sources of revenues, have provided a significant base for the SPD in the 20th century. In the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, the SPD has governed without interruption since 1949. In southern Germany, the SPD typically garners less support except in the largest cities. At the 2009 federal election, the party lost its only constituency in the entire state of Bavaria (in Munich). Small town and rural support comes especially from the traditionally Protestant areas of northern Germany and Brandenburg (with notable exceptions such as Western Pomerania where CDU leader Angela Merkel was re-elected in 2005) and a number of university towns. A striking example of the general pattern is the traditionally Catholic Emsland, where the Social Democrats generally gain a low percentage of votes, whereas the Reformed Protestant region of East Frisia directly to the north, with its strong traditional streak of Anti-Catholicism, is one of their strongest constituencies. Further south, the SPD also enjoys solid support in northern Hesse (Hans Eichel was mayor of Kassel, then Hesse's Minister-President and finally Finance Minister in the Schröder administration while Brigitte Zypries served as Justice Minister), parts of Palatinate (Kurt Beck was party leader until 7 September 2008) and the Saarland (political home of one-time candidate for federal chancellor Oskar Lafontaine, defected from the SPD in 2005).



Election results




Election results and governments since 1949



General German elections


The SPD, at times called SAPD, participated in general elections determining the members of parliament. For the elections until 1933, the parliament was called Reichstag, except of the one of 1919 which was called the National Assembly and after 1949 when it was called Bundestag. Note that changes in borders (1871, 1919, 1920, 1949, 1957 and 1990) varied the number of eligible voters whereas electoral laws also changed the ballot system (only constituencies until 1912, only party lists until 1949 and mixed system thereafter), the suffrage (women vote since 1919), the number of seats (fixed or flexible) and the length of the legislative period (three or four years). Lacking are entries for general elections before 1875, when labour parties unified to only form the SPD (then SAPD, current name since 1890) and under Nazi rule or communist rule, when candidates who identified with the SPD were banned at all from running for votes and seats.


























































































































































































































































































Election year
No. of
constituency votes
No. of
party list votes
% of
overall votes (until 1912)
party list votes (as of 1919)
No. of
overall seats won
+/–
Government

1877
493,447

9.1 (4th)


13 / 397



In opposition

1878
437,158

7.6 (5th)


9 / 397



Decrease 4
In opposition

1881
311,961

6.1 (7th)


13 / 397



Increase 4
In opposition

1884
549,990

9.7 (5th)


24 / 397



Increase 11
In opposition

1887
763,102

10.1 (5th)


11 / 397



Decrease 13
In opposition

1890
1,427,323

19.7 (1st)


35 / 397



Increase 24
In opposition

1893
1,786,738

23.3 (1st)


44 / 397



Increase 9
In opposition

1898
2,107,076

27.2 (1st)


56 / 397



Increase 12
In opposition

1903
3,010,771

31.7 (1st)


81 / 397



Increase 25
In opposition

1907
3,259,029

28.9 (1st)


43 / 397



Decrease 38
In opposition

1912
4,250,399

34.8 (1st)


110 / 397



Increase 67
In opposition
In coalition
In coalition

1919

11,509,048
37.9 (1st)


165 / 423



Increase 55
In coalition

1920

6,179,991
21.9 (1st)


102 / 459



Decrease 63
In opposition
In coalition
In opposition
In coalition
In opposition

1924, May

6,008,905
20.5 (1st)


100 / 472



Decrease 2
In opposition

1924, December

7,881,041
26.0 (1st)


131 / 493



Increase 31
In opposition

1928

9,152,979
29.8 (1st)


153 / 491



Increase 22
In coalition

1930

8,575,244
24.5 (1st)


143 / 577



Decrease 10
In opposition

1932, July

7,959,712
21.6 (2nd)


133 / 608



Decrease 10
In opposition

1932, November

7,247,901
20.4 (2nd)


121 / 584



Decrease 12
In opposition

1933, March

7,181,629
18.3 (2nd)


120 / 667



Decrease 1
In opposition

1949

6,934,975
29.2 (2nd)


131 / 402



Increase 11
In opposition

1953
8,131,257
7,944,943
28.8 (2nd)


162 / 509



Increase 22
In opposition

1957
11,975,400
11,875,339
31.8 (2nd)


181 / 519



Increase 19
In opposition

1961
11,672,057
11,427,355
36.2 (2nd)


203 / 521



Increase 22
In opposition

1965
12,998,474
12,813,186
39.3 (2nd)


217 / 518



Increase 14
In coalition

1969
14,402,374
14,065,716
42.7 (2nd)


237 / 518



Increase 20
In coalition

1972
18,228,239
17,175,169
45.8 (1st)


242 / 518



Increase 5
In coalition

1976
16,471,321
16,099,019
42.6 (2nd)


224 / 518



Decrease 18
In coalition

1980
16,808,861
16,260,677
42.9 (2nd)


228 / 519



Increase 4
In coalition

1983
15,686,033
14,865,807
38.2 (2nd)


202 / 520



Decrease 26
In opposition

1987
14,787,953
14,025,763
37.0 (2nd)


193 / 519



Decrease 9
In opposition

1990
16,279,980
15,545,366
33.5 (2nd)


239 / 662



Increase 46
In opposition

1994
17,966,813
17,140,354
36.4 (2nd)


252 / 672



Increase 13
In opposition

1998
21,535,893
20,181,269
40.9 (1st)


298 / 669



Increase 43
In coalition

2002
20,059,967
18,484,560
38.5 (1st)[15]

251 / 603



Decrease 47
In coalition

2005
18,129,100
16,194,665
34.2 (2nd)


222 / 614



Decrease 29
In coalition

2009
12,077,437
9,988,843
23.0 (2nd)


146 / 622



Decrease 76
In opposition

2013
12,835,933
11,247,283
25.7 (2nd)


193 / 630



Increase 42
In coalition

2017
11,426,613
9,538,367
20.5 (2nd)


153 / 709



Decrease 40
In coalition

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  • Constituency results, 1912







  • Constituency results, 1919 Weimar National Assembly







  • Constituency results, 1928







  • Constituency results, 1998







  • Constituency results, 2017






European Parliament















































Election year
No. of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
No. of
overall seats won
+/–

1979
11,370,045
40.8 (1st)


33 / 81




1984
9,296,417
37.4 (2nd)


32 / 81



Decrease 1

1989
10,525,728
37.3 (1st)


30 / 81



Decrease 2

1994
11,389,697
32.2 (1st)


40 / 99



Increase 10

1999
8,307,085
30.7 (2nd)


33 / 99



Decrease 7

2004
5,547,971
21.5 (2nd)


23 / 99



Decrease 10

2009
5,472,566
20.8 (2nd)


23 / 99



Steady 0

2014
7,999,955
27.2 (2nd)


27 / 96



Increase 4


State Parliaments (Länder)











































































































































State Parliament
Election year
No. of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
Seats
Government
No.
±
Position

Baden-Württemberg

2016
679,872
12.7 (4th) Decrease

19 / 138



Decrease 16

Decrease 4th
Opposition

Bavaria

2018
1,317,942
9.7 (5th) Decrease

22 / 205



Decrease 20

Decrease 5th
Opposition

Berlin

2016
352,369
21.6 (1st) Decrease

38 / 160



Decrease 10

Steady 1st
SPD–Left–Greens

Brandenburg

2014
315,177
31.9 (1st) Decrease

30 / 88



Decrease 1

Steady 1st
SPD–Left

Bremen

2015
383,509
23.9 (1st) Decrease

36 / 83



Decrease 7

Steady 1st
SPD–Greens

Hamburg

2015
1,611,274
45.6 (1st) Decrease

58 / 121



Decrease 4

Steady 1st
SPD–Greens

Hesse

2018
570,166
19.8 (3rd) Decrease

29 / 137



Decrease 8

Decrease 3rd
Opposition

Lower Saxony

2017
1,413,990
36.9 (1st) Increase

55 / 137



Increase 6

Increase 1st
SPD–CDU

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

2016
246,393
30.6 (1st) Decrease

28 / 71



Decrease 2

Steady 1st
SPD–CDU

North Rhine-Westphalia

2017
2,649,205
31.2 (2nd) Decrease

69 / 199



Decrease 30

Decrease 2nd
Opposition

Rhineland-Palatinate

2016
771,848
36.2 (1st) Increase

39 / 101



Decrease 3

Steady 1st
SPD–FDP–Greens

Saarland

2017
157,841
29.6 (2nd) Decrease

17 / 51



Steady 0

Steady 2nd
CDU–SPD

Saxony

2014
202,374
12.4 (3rd) Increase

18 / 126



Increase 4

Steady 3rd
CDU–SPD

Saxony-Anhalt

2016
119,377
10.6 (4th) Decrease

11 / 87



Decrease 15

Decrease 4th
CDU–SPD–Greens

Schleswig-Holstein

2017
400,635
27.2 (2nd) Decrease

21 / 73



Decrease 1

Steady 2nd
Opposition

Thuringia

2014
116,889
12.4 (3rd) Decrease

12 / 91



Decrease 6

Steady 3rd
Left–SPD–Greens


Leadership of the Social Democratic Party


The party is led by the Leader of the Social Democratic Party. He/she is supported by six Deputy Leaders and the party executive.


The current leader is Andrea Nahles. The current Deputy Leaders are Manuela Schwesig, Ralf Stegner, Olaf Scholz, Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel, Natascha Kohnen and Maria Luise "Malu" Dreyer.


As Germany is a federal republic, each of Germany's states have their own SPD party at the state level.


The current leaders of the SPD state parties are the following:






































































State
Leader
Seats
Government

Baden-Württemberg

Leni Breymaier


19 / 143


In opposition

Bavaria

Natascha Kohnen


42 / 180


In opposition

Berlin

Michael Müller


38 / 160


In coalition

Brandenburg

Dietmar Woidke


30 / 88


In coalition

Bremen

Sascha Karolin Aulepp


30 / 83


In coalition

Hamburg

Melanie Leonhard


58 / 121


In coalition

Hesse

Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel


37 / 110


In opposition

Lower Saxony

Stephan Weil


55 / 137


In coalition

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Manuela Schwesig


26 / 71


In coalition

North Rhine-Westphalia

Sebastian Hartmann


69 / 199


In opposition

Rhineland-Palatinate

Roger Lewentz


39 / 101


In coalition

Saarland

Anke Rehlinger


17 / 51


In coalition

Saxony

Martin Dulig


18 / 126


In coalition

Saxony-Anhalt

Burkhard Lischka


11 / 87


In coalition

Schleswig-Holstein

Ralf Stegner


21 / 73


In opposition

Thuringia

Wolfgang Tiefensee


13 / 91


In coalition


See also




  • Bundestag (Federal Assembly of Germany)

  • Elections in the Free State of Prussia

  • List of political parties in Germany

  • Mierscheid Law

  • Party finance in Germany

  • Politics of Germany

  • Weimar Republic


References




  1. ^ "Mitgliederzahl". DPA. Retrieved 7 July 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ ab Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Germany". Parties and Elections in Europe.


  3. ^ ab Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander; Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph (2008). Social Democracy in Power: the capacity to reform. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-43820-9.


  4. ^ ab Almeida, Dimitri (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0. Retrieved 14 July 2013.


  5. ^ ab Ashley Lavelle (2013). The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4094-9872-8. Retrieved 18 July 2013.


  6. ^ Christian Krell (2009). Sozialdemokratie und Europa: Die Europapolitik von SPD, Labour Party und Parti Socialiste. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/Springer-Verlag.


  7. ^ "Greek debt crisis: Violence in Athens ahead of Germany vote". BBC News Online. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.


  8. ^ "Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk". Der Spiegel. Hamburg, Germany. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.


  9. ^ "Sozialdemokratie: "Progressive Alliance" gegründet". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.


  10. ^ "Sozialistische Internationale hat ausgedient: SPD gründet "Progressive Alliance"". 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.


  11. ^ Brustein, William (1996). Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party 1925–1933. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 131.


  12. ^ Cooper, Alice Holmes. Paradoxes of Peace: German Peace Movements since 1945. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 85.


  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  14. ^ Nils Schnelle (2007). Die WASG – Von der Gründung bis zur geplanten Fusion mit der Linkspartei. Munich.


  15. ^ "Schroeder wins second term". Retrieved 17 October 2018.



Further reading


  • Orlow, Dietrich. Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969 (2000) online.


  • Carl E. Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism (Harvard University Press, 1955).

  • Vernon L. Lidtke, The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany, 1878–1890 (Princeton University Press, 1966).

  • Berlau, Abraham. German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921 (Columbia University Press, 1949).

  • Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945-1952." Ph.D dissertation, West Virginia University, Department of History, Morgantown, West Virginia, 1969.

  • McAdams, A. James. "Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification." Princeton University Press, 1992 and 1993.

  • Erich Matthias, The Downfall of the Old Social Democratic Party in 1933 pages 51–105 from Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution Ten Essays edited by Hajo Holborn, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972).

  • Eric D. Weitz, Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.

  • David Priestand, Red Flag: A History of Communism," New York: Grove Press, 2009.


External links





  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata(in German)

  • History of the German social-democratic party












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How to read a connectionString WITH PROVIDER in .NET Core?

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6 I added .AddJsonFile("Connections.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true) in public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env) Connections.json contains: "ConnectionStrings": "DefaultConnection": "Server=(localdb)\mssqllocaldb;Database=DATABASE;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true", "COR-W81-101": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=P61_CAFM_Basic;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "COR-W81-100": "Data Source=DATASOURCE;Initial Catalog=Post_PS;User Id=USERID;Password=PASSWORD;Persist Security Info=False;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;", "MSEDGEWIN10": "Data Source=DATASOURCE; Initial Catalog=COR_Basic; Persist Security Info=False;Integrated Security=true;MultipleActiveResultSets=False;Packet Size=4096;Application Name="COR_Basic"", "server...
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Node.js Script on GitHub Pages or Amazon S3

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0 I'm wondering if I can run a Node.js script in my Jekyll page from GitHub Pages or Amazon S3? I think it can't run on GitHub Pages since it doesn't support server side code. Not too sure. The code is below: var Airtable = require('airtable'); var base = new Airtable(apiKey: 'YOUR_API_KEY').base('appAnZVyYqusNPV5Q'); base('Invitee list').select( // Selecting the first 3 records in Complete list: maxRecords: 3, view: "Complete list" ).eachPage(function page(records, fetchNextPage) // This function (`page`) will get called for each page of records. records.forEach(function(record) console.log('Retrieved', record.get('Email')); ); // To fetch the next page of records, call `fetchNextPage`. // If there are more records, `page` will get called again. // If there are no more records, `done` will get called. fetchNextPage(); , function done(err) if (err) console.error(err); return; ); node.js ...
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Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto

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Art museum in Rovereto TN, Italy Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto Museo d'arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto MART, Entrance Location Corso Angelo Bettini, 43, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy Coordinates 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Coordinates: 45°53′38″N 11°02′42″E  /  45.8940°N 11.0450°E  / 45.8940; 11.0450 Type Art museum Director Gianfranco Maraniello Public transit access Trento train station. Taxis outside station. Website mart.trento.it The Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (MART) ( Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto , in Italian) is a museum centre in the Italian province of Trento. The main site is in Rovereto, and contains mostly modern and contemporary artworks, including works from renowned Giorgio Morandi, Giorgio de...
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