Has women's suffrage ever decided an election?










33















I'm curious whether women's suffrage has ever changed the direction of an election. Polls often show differences between men and women, but they are often fairly highly correlated, so I wonder if women's suffrage has ever proved decisive in an election.



Since this is a matter of curiosity I'd welcome responses from anywhere in the world; or for more narrow focus: federal and gubernatorial elections in the United States following the adoption of the 19th amendment in 1920.



(The question is not whether or not women's suffrage confers political power on women. Candidates have to appeal to the populace long before the final election, and suffrage certainly affects that political calculus.)










share|improve this question

















  • 2





    Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

    – Azor Ahai
    Nov 15 '18 at 19:08






  • 8





    Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

    – Barmar
    Nov 15 '18 at 22:31






  • 1





    Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

    – Robert Tausig
    Nov 15 '18 at 23:26







  • 4





    @RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

    – Davor
    Nov 16 '18 at 11:14






  • 2





    @RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

    – Obie 2.0
    Nov 16 '18 at 19:52















33















I'm curious whether women's suffrage has ever changed the direction of an election. Polls often show differences between men and women, but they are often fairly highly correlated, so I wonder if women's suffrage has ever proved decisive in an election.



Since this is a matter of curiosity I'd welcome responses from anywhere in the world; or for more narrow focus: federal and gubernatorial elections in the United States following the adoption of the 19th amendment in 1920.



(The question is not whether or not women's suffrage confers political power on women. Candidates have to appeal to the populace long before the final election, and suffrage certainly affects that political calculus.)










share|improve this question

















  • 2





    Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

    – Azor Ahai
    Nov 15 '18 at 19:08






  • 8





    Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

    – Barmar
    Nov 15 '18 at 22:31






  • 1





    Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

    – Robert Tausig
    Nov 15 '18 at 23:26







  • 4





    @RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

    – Davor
    Nov 16 '18 at 11:14






  • 2





    @RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

    – Obie 2.0
    Nov 16 '18 at 19:52













33












33








33


3






I'm curious whether women's suffrage has ever changed the direction of an election. Polls often show differences between men and women, but they are often fairly highly correlated, so I wonder if women's suffrage has ever proved decisive in an election.



Since this is a matter of curiosity I'd welcome responses from anywhere in the world; or for more narrow focus: federal and gubernatorial elections in the United States following the adoption of the 19th amendment in 1920.



(The question is not whether or not women's suffrage confers political power on women. Candidates have to appeal to the populace long before the final election, and suffrage certainly affects that political calculus.)










share|improve this question














I'm curious whether women's suffrage has ever changed the direction of an election. Polls often show differences between men and women, but they are often fairly highly correlated, so I wonder if women's suffrage has ever proved decisive in an election.



Since this is a matter of curiosity I'd welcome responses from anywhere in the world; or for more narrow focus: federal and gubernatorial elections in the United States following the adoption of the 19th amendment in 1920.



(The question is not whether or not women's suffrage confers political power on women. Candidates have to appeal to the populace long before the final election, and suffrage certainly affects that political calculus.)







women voting






share|improve this question













share|improve this question











share|improve this question




share|improve this question










asked Nov 14 '18 at 21:17









adam.bakeradam.baker

6811516




6811516







  • 2





    Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

    – Azor Ahai
    Nov 15 '18 at 19:08






  • 8





    Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

    – Barmar
    Nov 15 '18 at 22:31






  • 1





    Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

    – Robert Tausig
    Nov 15 '18 at 23:26







  • 4





    @RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

    – Davor
    Nov 16 '18 at 11:14






  • 2





    @RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

    – Obie 2.0
    Nov 16 '18 at 19:52












  • 2





    Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

    – Azor Ahai
    Nov 15 '18 at 19:08






  • 8





    Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

    – Barmar
    Nov 15 '18 at 22:31






  • 1





    Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

    – Robert Tausig
    Nov 15 '18 at 23:26







  • 4





    @RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

    – Davor
    Nov 16 '18 at 11:14






  • 2





    @RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

    – Obie 2.0
    Nov 16 '18 at 19:52







2




2





Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

– Azor Ahai
Nov 15 '18 at 19:08





Can you support your statement "they are often fairly highly correlated"? I'm not sure what you mean exactly

– Azor Ahai
Nov 15 '18 at 19:08




8




8





Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

– Barmar
Nov 15 '18 at 22:31





Any data based on actual voting assumes that men would have voted the same way if women weren't voting independently. But I can imagine many wives convincing their husbands to vote their way when they didn't have the right to vote for themselves.

– Barmar
Nov 15 '18 at 22:31




1




1





Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

– Robert Tausig
Nov 15 '18 at 23:26






Women around the world significantly tend to vote more for issues like health care, familly aid, equal rights for LGBT and foreigners, free speech; things that would in the USA and Europe be considered politically "left" (Although: Keep in mind, the term alone doesn't mean anything). Men around the globe significantly lean politically "right" in this analogy. Depending from where you are from you may call this "progressive" and "conservative" instead, but the political gender split is huge; and regularly decides elections anywhere there is a democracy.

– Robert Tausig
Nov 15 '18 at 23:26





4




4





@RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

– Davor
Nov 16 '18 at 11:14





@RobertTausig - huh? From what I've always read, women are far more likely to be religious and conservative than men, so I highly doubt they are somehow also more liberal in their voting, unless liberal women tend to vote more. Do you have any sources to back up your claim?

– Davor
Nov 16 '18 at 11:14




2




2





@RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

– Obie 2.0
Nov 16 '18 at 19:52





@RobertTausig - Inherently is a strong claim. I've seen some data from a few countries (UK, for instance) showing higher rates of religiosity among women, but that's a far cry from universality, which in turn isn't exactly a proof of inherence.

– Obie 2.0
Nov 16 '18 at 19:52










5 Answers
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73














You're not the first person to ask this question.



It's obviously not possible to know exactly how any election would have gone in things were different, but we have enough demographic polling data to make educated guesses.



FiveThirtyEight has done extensive analyses on what voting maps would look like if only specific demographics voted. In this most recent midterm they estimated/predicted that an all male electorate would have elected a majority Republican House of Representatives.



enter image description hereenter image description here






share|improve this answer




















  • 7





    Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

    – Neil G
    Nov 17 '18 at 12:14






  • 4





    @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

    – Arcanist Lupus
    Nov 17 '18 at 20:38











  • As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

    – Will Sawin
    Nov 19 '18 at 3:43






  • 3





    @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

    – Arcanist Lupus
    Nov 19 '18 at 3:50






  • 1





    @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

    – Will Sawin
    Nov 19 '18 at 14:00


















69














I find this an unsatisfactory answer but perhaps it will provoke someone to make a better one along similar lines. In the 2012 US presidential election, men voted (according to exit polls) 52:45 in favour of Romney over Obama, compared with the overall result of 51:47 in favour of Obama.



So if we assume the exit polls give a perfectly accurate indication of actual voting patterns, going from the whole electorate to just men turns Obama+4 into Romney+7, an 11-point swing. And if we assume that that translates into an 11-point swing in every state, that gets Romney at least these states listed on the Wikipedia page about the election as having <10% margins for Obama: Florida (1%; 29EV), Ohio (3%; 18EV), Virginia (4%; 13EV), Colorado (5%; 9EV), Pennsylvania (5%; 20EV), New Hampshire (6%; 4EV), Iowa (6%; 6EV), Nevada (7%; 6EV), Wisconsin (7%; 10EV), Minnesota (8%; 10EV), Maine-2 (9%; 1EV), Michigan (10%; 16EV). Since Obama won by 332:206 EV, a margin of 126 EV, transferring 64 EV from Obama to Romney would yield a Romney win. The actual total of the numbers above is 142.



Those italicized assumptions are pretty dubious, but it seems like there's probably enough slack to make it not matter: a uniform 5.4% swing would have got Romney the states of Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania, already comfortably more than enough to win.



To do this analysis properly we'd need state-by-state exit poll data broken down by sex (which may well exist but my very cursory search didn't find it), and estimates of how accurate exit polls are (which may also exist but I confess I haven't looked), and enough effort to put those things together properly (which, as you can see, I haven't provided) -- which is why I am not altogether satisfied by this answer. It is, however, enough to convince me pretty firmly that if women's votes had been removed from the 2012 US presidential election (while somehow changing nothing else) then Romney would have won it instead of Obama.






share|improve this answer


















  • 7





    +1 just for going through all that :)

    – Orangesandlemons
    Nov 15 '18 at 17:46


















26














In the 1933 Spanish general election women were enfranchised by the first time, and the right won the election - while in the previous 1931 election the left had won. One of the cited causes of that victory of the right was that women were more influenced by the Church than men, so they tended to follow more their priest's advice and vote for conservative parties.



Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right.



Addition (source and limits of the answer):



As the answer says, enfranchisement of women has been cited as one of the causes of the victory of the right - and that has been often repeated. However, as several comments point, how big was its contribution even whether there actually was a contribution is not clear, and even if it were it would be difficult to prove.



Just to give a synthesis - not very different from the Wikipedia article cited in comments -, I cite Gatell, Cristina. "Dones d'ahir, dones d'avui" Barcelona, 1993. ISBN:84-7533-835-6 page 63:




S'ha especulat molt sobre el sentit del vot femení en aquestes eleccions i la premsa d'esquerres va atribuir la victòria de les dretes al vot de les dones. Estudis posteriors han posat seriosament en dubte la vella creença del vot conservador de les dones i han demostrat que no existeix una correlació directa entre nombre de dones al cens i vots a la dreta.




A tentative translation:




There has been a lot of speculation about the meaning of female voting in these elections and the leftist press attributed the victory of women's right to vote. Further studies have seriously undermined the old belief in the conservative vote of women and have shown that there is no direct correlation between number of women in the census and votes on the right.




Although the explanation of the election outcome according to female vote is plausible, it should be noted that for leftist press this explanation could be a way to save face, because any other explanation would have need to blame at some extent the leftist government. Interestingly, I also checked a book of contemporary articles of right leaning Carles Sentís and in his very short summary of the causes of the outcome, the vote of women isn't mentioned - some actions of the government are mentioned, instead.






share|improve this answer




















  • 9





    Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

    – adam.baker
    Nov 15 '18 at 1:07






  • 25





    From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

    – congusbongus
    Nov 15 '18 at 5:48






  • 4





    Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

    – Flater
    Nov 15 '18 at 7:32







  • 4





    @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

    – DevSolar
    Nov 15 '18 at 12:52






  • 5





    @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

    – Orangesandlemons
    Nov 15 '18 at 17:47


















5














I might suggest the election of Susanna Madora Salter as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, in 1887.



From the Kansas Historical Society page on her:




First woman mayor in the U.S...



Soon after Kansas women gained the right to vote in municipal elections, voters elected (Salter)...



(She was) Nominated on the Prohibition Party ticket by several Argonia men as a joke, Salter surprised the group and received two-thirds of the votes.




A cursory glance at the data available doesn't lead me to a 'smoking gun', but the circumstances surrounding the election -- nominated 'as a joke' and elected 'just weeks after Kansas women had gained the right to vote in city elections' -- leads me to think it could be a good candidate for further research.






share|improve this answer
































    1














    Wyoming granted women the vote in order to have enough voters to qualify for statehood; women's suffrage decided that election.






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      5 Answers
      5






      active

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      5 Answers
      5






      active

      oldest

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      active

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      active

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      73














      You're not the first person to ask this question.



      It's obviously not possible to know exactly how any election would have gone in things were different, but we have enough demographic polling data to make educated guesses.



      FiveThirtyEight has done extensive analyses on what voting maps would look like if only specific demographics voted. In this most recent midterm they estimated/predicted that an all male electorate would have elected a majority Republican House of Representatives.



      enter image description hereenter image description here






      share|improve this answer




















      • 7





        Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

        – Neil G
        Nov 17 '18 at 12:14






      • 4





        @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 17 '18 at 20:38











      • As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:43






      • 3





        @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:50






      • 1





        @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 14:00















      73














      You're not the first person to ask this question.



      It's obviously not possible to know exactly how any election would have gone in things were different, but we have enough demographic polling data to make educated guesses.



      FiveThirtyEight has done extensive analyses on what voting maps would look like if only specific demographics voted. In this most recent midterm they estimated/predicted that an all male electorate would have elected a majority Republican House of Representatives.



      enter image description hereenter image description here






      share|improve this answer




















      • 7





        Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

        – Neil G
        Nov 17 '18 at 12:14






      • 4





        @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 17 '18 at 20:38











      • As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:43






      • 3





        @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:50






      • 1





        @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 14:00













      73












      73








      73







      You're not the first person to ask this question.



      It's obviously not possible to know exactly how any election would have gone in things were different, but we have enough demographic polling data to make educated guesses.



      FiveThirtyEight has done extensive analyses on what voting maps would look like if only specific demographics voted. In this most recent midterm they estimated/predicted that an all male electorate would have elected a majority Republican House of Representatives.



      enter image description hereenter image description here






      share|improve this answer















      You're not the first person to ask this question.



      It's obviously not possible to know exactly how any election would have gone in things were different, but we have enough demographic polling data to make educated guesses.



      FiveThirtyEight has done extensive analyses on what voting maps would look like if only specific demographics voted. In this most recent midterm they estimated/predicted that an all male electorate would have elected a majority Republican House of Representatives.



      enter image description hereenter image description here







      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited Nov 15 '18 at 18:48









      divibisan

      1032




      1032










      answered Nov 15 '18 at 6:33









      Arcanist LupusArcanist Lupus

      68624




      68624







      • 7





        Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

        – Neil G
        Nov 17 '18 at 12:14






      • 4





        @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 17 '18 at 20:38











      • As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:43






      • 3





        @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:50






      • 1





        @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 14:00












      • 7





        Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

        – Neil G
        Nov 17 '18 at 12:14






      • 4





        @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 17 '18 at 20:38











      • As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:43






      • 3





        @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

        – Arcanist Lupus
        Nov 19 '18 at 3:50






      • 1





        @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

        – Will Sawin
        Nov 19 '18 at 14:00







      7




      7





      Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

      – Neil G
      Nov 17 '18 at 12:14





      Good answer. However, if only men had been allowed to vote, then the party positions would have also been different.

      – Neil G
      Nov 17 '18 at 12:14




      4




      4





      @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

      – Arcanist Lupus
      Nov 17 '18 at 20:38





      @NeilG Yes, but that's a level of extrapolation that's basically impossible to follow, so I stuck with "which demographics currently support which parties"

      – Arcanist Lupus
      Nov 17 '18 at 20:38













      As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

      – Will Sawin
      Nov 19 '18 at 3:43





      As most votes during this election were close to those forecasted, these were probably reasonably accurate to a world in which only men's or women's votes were counted.

      – Will Sawin
      Nov 19 '18 at 3:43




      3




      3





      @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

      – Arcanist Lupus
      Nov 19 '18 at 3:50





      @WillSawin Except that if only votes of a single gender were counted then politicians would campaign exclusively targeting that gender, meaning that their platforms would shift, changing how the members of that gender voted. That's the problem with hypotheticals - the changes you suppose cascade into other effects, which reflect back and change the results you were trying to measure in ways that you can't understand or predict.

      – Arcanist Lupus
      Nov 19 '18 at 3:50




      1




      1





      @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

      – Will Sawin
      Nov 19 '18 at 14:00





      @ArcanistLupus Sorry, I wasn't perfectly clear. I literally meant that only men's or women's votes were counted on election day 2018, but that people didn't know this in advance - some kind of gender-based coup, I guess.

      – Will Sawin
      Nov 19 '18 at 14:00











      69














      I find this an unsatisfactory answer but perhaps it will provoke someone to make a better one along similar lines. In the 2012 US presidential election, men voted (according to exit polls) 52:45 in favour of Romney over Obama, compared with the overall result of 51:47 in favour of Obama.



      So if we assume the exit polls give a perfectly accurate indication of actual voting patterns, going from the whole electorate to just men turns Obama+4 into Romney+7, an 11-point swing. And if we assume that that translates into an 11-point swing in every state, that gets Romney at least these states listed on the Wikipedia page about the election as having <10% margins for Obama: Florida (1%; 29EV), Ohio (3%; 18EV), Virginia (4%; 13EV), Colorado (5%; 9EV), Pennsylvania (5%; 20EV), New Hampshire (6%; 4EV), Iowa (6%; 6EV), Nevada (7%; 6EV), Wisconsin (7%; 10EV), Minnesota (8%; 10EV), Maine-2 (9%; 1EV), Michigan (10%; 16EV). Since Obama won by 332:206 EV, a margin of 126 EV, transferring 64 EV from Obama to Romney would yield a Romney win. The actual total of the numbers above is 142.



      Those italicized assumptions are pretty dubious, but it seems like there's probably enough slack to make it not matter: a uniform 5.4% swing would have got Romney the states of Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania, already comfortably more than enough to win.



      To do this analysis properly we'd need state-by-state exit poll data broken down by sex (which may well exist but my very cursory search didn't find it), and estimates of how accurate exit polls are (which may also exist but I confess I haven't looked), and enough effort to put those things together properly (which, as you can see, I haven't provided) -- which is why I am not altogether satisfied by this answer. It is, however, enough to convince me pretty firmly that if women's votes had been removed from the 2012 US presidential election (while somehow changing nothing else) then Romney would have won it instead of Obama.






      share|improve this answer


















      • 7





        +1 just for going through all that :)

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:46















      69














      I find this an unsatisfactory answer but perhaps it will provoke someone to make a better one along similar lines. In the 2012 US presidential election, men voted (according to exit polls) 52:45 in favour of Romney over Obama, compared with the overall result of 51:47 in favour of Obama.



      So if we assume the exit polls give a perfectly accurate indication of actual voting patterns, going from the whole electorate to just men turns Obama+4 into Romney+7, an 11-point swing. And if we assume that that translates into an 11-point swing in every state, that gets Romney at least these states listed on the Wikipedia page about the election as having <10% margins for Obama: Florida (1%; 29EV), Ohio (3%; 18EV), Virginia (4%; 13EV), Colorado (5%; 9EV), Pennsylvania (5%; 20EV), New Hampshire (6%; 4EV), Iowa (6%; 6EV), Nevada (7%; 6EV), Wisconsin (7%; 10EV), Minnesota (8%; 10EV), Maine-2 (9%; 1EV), Michigan (10%; 16EV). Since Obama won by 332:206 EV, a margin of 126 EV, transferring 64 EV from Obama to Romney would yield a Romney win. The actual total of the numbers above is 142.



      Those italicized assumptions are pretty dubious, but it seems like there's probably enough slack to make it not matter: a uniform 5.4% swing would have got Romney the states of Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania, already comfortably more than enough to win.



      To do this analysis properly we'd need state-by-state exit poll data broken down by sex (which may well exist but my very cursory search didn't find it), and estimates of how accurate exit polls are (which may also exist but I confess I haven't looked), and enough effort to put those things together properly (which, as you can see, I haven't provided) -- which is why I am not altogether satisfied by this answer. It is, however, enough to convince me pretty firmly that if women's votes had been removed from the 2012 US presidential election (while somehow changing nothing else) then Romney would have won it instead of Obama.






      share|improve this answer


















      • 7





        +1 just for going through all that :)

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:46













      69












      69








      69







      I find this an unsatisfactory answer but perhaps it will provoke someone to make a better one along similar lines. In the 2012 US presidential election, men voted (according to exit polls) 52:45 in favour of Romney over Obama, compared with the overall result of 51:47 in favour of Obama.



      So if we assume the exit polls give a perfectly accurate indication of actual voting patterns, going from the whole electorate to just men turns Obama+4 into Romney+7, an 11-point swing. And if we assume that that translates into an 11-point swing in every state, that gets Romney at least these states listed on the Wikipedia page about the election as having <10% margins for Obama: Florida (1%; 29EV), Ohio (3%; 18EV), Virginia (4%; 13EV), Colorado (5%; 9EV), Pennsylvania (5%; 20EV), New Hampshire (6%; 4EV), Iowa (6%; 6EV), Nevada (7%; 6EV), Wisconsin (7%; 10EV), Minnesota (8%; 10EV), Maine-2 (9%; 1EV), Michigan (10%; 16EV). Since Obama won by 332:206 EV, a margin of 126 EV, transferring 64 EV from Obama to Romney would yield a Romney win. The actual total of the numbers above is 142.



      Those italicized assumptions are pretty dubious, but it seems like there's probably enough slack to make it not matter: a uniform 5.4% swing would have got Romney the states of Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania, already comfortably more than enough to win.



      To do this analysis properly we'd need state-by-state exit poll data broken down by sex (which may well exist but my very cursory search didn't find it), and estimates of how accurate exit polls are (which may also exist but I confess I haven't looked), and enough effort to put those things together properly (which, as you can see, I haven't provided) -- which is why I am not altogether satisfied by this answer. It is, however, enough to convince me pretty firmly that if women's votes had been removed from the 2012 US presidential election (while somehow changing nothing else) then Romney would have won it instead of Obama.






      share|improve this answer













      I find this an unsatisfactory answer but perhaps it will provoke someone to make a better one along similar lines. In the 2012 US presidential election, men voted (according to exit polls) 52:45 in favour of Romney over Obama, compared with the overall result of 51:47 in favour of Obama.



      So if we assume the exit polls give a perfectly accurate indication of actual voting patterns, going from the whole electorate to just men turns Obama+4 into Romney+7, an 11-point swing. And if we assume that that translates into an 11-point swing in every state, that gets Romney at least these states listed on the Wikipedia page about the election as having <10% margins for Obama: Florida (1%; 29EV), Ohio (3%; 18EV), Virginia (4%; 13EV), Colorado (5%; 9EV), Pennsylvania (5%; 20EV), New Hampshire (6%; 4EV), Iowa (6%; 6EV), Nevada (7%; 6EV), Wisconsin (7%; 10EV), Minnesota (8%; 10EV), Maine-2 (9%; 1EV), Michigan (10%; 16EV). Since Obama won by 332:206 EV, a margin of 126 EV, transferring 64 EV from Obama to Romney would yield a Romney win. The actual total of the numbers above is 142.



      Those italicized assumptions are pretty dubious, but it seems like there's probably enough slack to make it not matter: a uniform 5.4% swing would have got Romney the states of Florida, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania, already comfortably more than enough to win.



      To do this analysis properly we'd need state-by-state exit poll data broken down by sex (which may well exist but my very cursory search didn't find it), and estimates of how accurate exit polls are (which may also exist but I confess I haven't looked), and enough effort to put those things together properly (which, as you can see, I haven't provided) -- which is why I am not altogether satisfied by this answer. It is, however, enough to convince me pretty firmly that if women's votes had been removed from the 2012 US presidential election (while somehow changing nothing else) then Romney would have won it instead of Obama.







      share|improve this answer












      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer










      answered Nov 15 '18 at 2:18









      Gareth McCaughanGareth McCaughan

      51114




      51114







      • 7





        +1 just for going through all that :)

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:46












      • 7





        +1 just for going through all that :)

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:46







      7




      7





      +1 just for going through all that :)

      – Orangesandlemons
      Nov 15 '18 at 17:46





      +1 just for going through all that :)

      – Orangesandlemons
      Nov 15 '18 at 17:46











      26














      In the 1933 Spanish general election women were enfranchised by the first time, and the right won the election - while in the previous 1931 election the left had won. One of the cited causes of that victory of the right was that women were more influenced by the Church than men, so they tended to follow more their priest's advice and vote for conservative parties.



      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right.



      Addition (source and limits of the answer):



      As the answer says, enfranchisement of women has been cited as one of the causes of the victory of the right - and that has been often repeated. However, as several comments point, how big was its contribution even whether there actually was a contribution is not clear, and even if it were it would be difficult to prove.



      Just to give a synthesis - not very different from the Wikipedia article cited in comments -, I cite Gatell, Cristina. "Dones d'ahir, dones d'avui" Barcelona, 1993. ISBN:84-7533-835-6 page 63:




      S'ha especulat molt sobre el sentit del vot femení en aquestes eleccions i la premsa d'esquerres va atribuir la victòria de les dretes al vot de les dones. Estudis posteriors han posat seriosament en dubte la vella creença del vot conservador de les dones i han demostrat que no existeix una correlació directa entre nombre de dones al cens i vots a la dreta.




      A tentative translation:




      There has been a lot of speculation about the meaning of female voting in these elections and the leftist press attributed the victory of women's right to vote. Further studies have seriously undermined the old belief in the conservative vote of women and have shown that there is no direct correlation between number of women in the census and votes on the right.




      Although the explanation of the election outcome according to female vote is plausible, it should be noted that for leftist press this explanation could be a way to save face, because any other explanation would have need to blame at some extent the leftist government. Interestingly, I also checked a book of contemporary articles of right leaning Carles Sentís and in his very short summary of the causes of the outcome, the vote of women isn't mentioned - some actions of the government are mentioned, instead.






      share|improve this answer




















      • 9





        Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

        – adam.baker
        Nov 15 '18 at 1:07






      • 25





        From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

        – congusbongus
        Nov 15 '18 at 5:48






      • 4





        Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

        – Flater
        Nov 15 '18 at 7:32







      • 4





        @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

        – DevSolar
        Nov 15 '18 at 12:52






      • 5





        @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:47















      26














      In the 1933 Spanish general election women were enfranchised by the first time, and the right won the election - while in the previous 1931 election the left had won. One of the cited causes of that victory of the right was that women were more influenced by the Church than men, so they tended to follow more their priest's advice and vote for conservative parties.



      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right.



      Addition (source and limits of the answer):



      As the answer says, enfranchisement of women has been cited as one of the causes of the victory of the right - and that has been often repeated. However, as several comments point, how big was its contribution even whether there actually was a contribution is not clear, and even if it were it would be difficult to prove.



      Just to give a synthesis - not very different from the Wikipedia article cited in comments -, I cite Gatell, Cristina. "Dones d'ahir, dones d'avui" Barcelona, 1993. ISBN:84-7533-835-6 page 63:




      S'ha especulat molt sobre el sentit del vot femení en aquestes eleccions i la premsa d'esquerres va atribuir la victòria de les dretes al vot de les dones. Estudis posteriors han posat seriosament en dubte la vella creença del vot conservador de les dones i han demostrat que no existeix una correlació directa entre nombre de dones al cens i vots a la dreta.




      A tentative translation:




      There has been a lot of speculation about the meaning of female voting in these elections and the leftist press attributed the victory of women's right to vote. Further studies have seriously undermined the old belief in the conservative vote of women and have shown that there is no direct correlation between number of women in the census and votes on the right.




      Although the explanation of the election outcome according to female vote is plausible, it should be noted that for leftist press this explanation could be a way to save face, because any other explanation would have need to blame at some extent the leftist government. Interestingly, I also checked a book of contemporary articles of right leaning Carles Sentís and in his very short summary of the causes of the outcome, the vote of women isn't mentioned - some actions of the government are mentioned, instead.






      share|improve this answer




















      • 9





        Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

        – adam.baker
        Nov 15 '18 at 1:07






      • 25





        From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

        – congusbongus
        Nov 15 '18 at 5:48






      • 4





        Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

        – Flater
        Nov 15 '18 at 7:32







      • 4





        @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

        – DevSolar
        Nov 15 '18 at 12:52






      • 5





        @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:47













      26












      26








      26







      In the 1933 Spanish general election women were enfranchised by the first time, and the right won the election - while in the previous 1931 election the left had won. One of the cited causes of that victory of the right was that women were more influenced by the Church than men, so they tended to follow more their priest's advice and vote for conservative parties.



      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right.



      Addition (source and limits of the answer):



      As the answer says, enfranchisement of women has been cited as one of the causes of the victory of the right - and that has been often repeated. However, as several comments point, how big was its contribution even whether there actually was a contribution is not clear, and even if it were it would be difficult to prove.



      Just to give a synthesis - not very different from the Wikipedia article cited in comments -, I cite Gatell, Cristina. "Dones d'ahir, dones d'avui" Barcelona, 1993. ISBN:84-7533-835-6 page 63:




      S'ha especulat molt sobre el sentit del vot femení en aquestes eleccions i la premsa d'esquerres va atribuir la victòria de les dretes al vot de les dones. Estudis posteriors han posat seriosament en dubte la vella creença del vot conservador de les dones i han demostrat que no existeix una correlació directa entre nombre de dones al cens i vots a la dreta.




      A tentative translation:




      There has been a lot of speculation about the meaning of female voting in these elections and the leftist press attributed the victory of women's right to vote. Further studies have seriously undermined the old belief in the conservative vote of women and have shown that there is no direct correlation between number of women in the census and votes on the right.




      Although the explanation of the election outcome according to female vote is plausible, it should be noted that for leftist press this explanation could be a way to save face, because any other explanation would have need to blame at some extent the leftist government. Interestingly, I also checked a book of contemporary articles of right leaning Carles Sentís and in his very short summary of the causes of the outcome, the vote of women isn't mentioned - some actions of the government are mentioned, instead.






      share|improve this answer















      In the 1933 Spanish general election women were enfranchised by the first time, and the right won the election - while in the previous 1931 election the left had won. One of the cited causes of that victory of the right was that women were more influenced by the Church than men, so they tended to follow more their priest's advice and vote for conservative parties.



      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right.



      Addition (source and limits of the answer):



      As the answer says, enfranchisement of women has been cited as one of the causes of the victory of the right - and that has been often repeated. However, as several comments point, how big was its contribution even whether there actually was a contribution is not clear, and even if it were it would be difficult to prove.



      Just to give a synthesis - not very different from the Wikipedia article cited in comments -, I cite Gatell, Cristina. "Dones d'ahir, dones d'avui" Barcelona, 1993. ISBN:84-7533-835-6 page 63:




      S'ha especulat molt sobre el sentit del vot femení en aquestes eleccions i la premsa d'esquerres va atribuir la victòria de les dretes al vot de les dones. Estudis posteriors han posat seriosament en dubte la vella creença del vot conservador de les dones i han demostrat que no existeix una correlació directa entre nombre de dones al cens i vots a la dreta.




      A tentative translation:




      There has been a lot of speculation about the meaning of female voting in these elections and the leftist press attributed the victory of women's right to vote. Further studies have seriously undermined the old belief in the conservative vote of women and have shown that there is no direct correlation between number of women in the census and votes on the right.




      Although the explanation of the election outcome according to female vote is plausible, it should be noted that for leftist press this explanation could be a way to save face, because any other explanation would have need to blame at some extent the leftist government. Interestingly, I also checked a book of contemporary articles of right leaning Carles Sentís and in his very short summary of the causes of the outcome, the vote of women isn't mentioned - some actions of the government are mentioned, instead.







      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited Nov 16 '18 at 21:40

























      answered Nov 14 '18 at 21:28









      PerePere

      1,863815




      1,863815







      • 9





        Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

        – adam.baker
        Nov 15 '18 at 1:07






      • 25





        From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

        – congusbongus
        Nov 15 '18 at 5:48






      • 4





        Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

        – Flater
        Nov 15 '18 at 7:32







      • 4





        @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

        – DevSolar
        Nov 15 '18 at 12:52






      • 5





        @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:47












      • 9





        Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

        – adam.baker
        Nov 15 '18 at 1:07






      • 25





        From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

        – congusbongus
        Nov 15 '18 at 5:48






      • 4





        Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

        – Flater
        Nov 15 '18 at 7:32







      • 4





        @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

        – DevSolar
        Nov 15 '18 at 12:52






      • 5





        @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

        – Orangesandlemons
        Nov 15 '18 at 17:47







      9




      9





      Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

      – adam.baker
      Nov 15 '18 at 1:07





      Are there figures about how women voted, or is that a consensus impression of how the election went?

      – adam.baker
      Nov 15 '18 at 1:07




      25




      25





      From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

      – congusbongus
      Nov 15 '18 at 5:48





      From translated spanish wikipedia: "There has been much discussion about the extent to which the triumph of the right and center-right in the elections of November 1933 was due to the vote of the women, supposedly very influenced by the Catholic Church, and the abstentionist campaign of the CNT that would have subtracted votes from the left parties. Historians have ruled out these two causes."

      – congusbongus
      Nov 15 '18 at 5:48




      4




      4





      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

      – Flater
      Nov 15 '18 at 7:32






      Ironically, the enfranchisement of women that helped the right to win had been championed by the left and opposed by the right. Can you then not argue that the right felt disenfranchised about enfranchising women and thus attracted more attention? I.e. the uptick in result is not from women but rather those who countered a left victory? Similar to how those who would write a negative review are more likely to do so than those who would write a positive review, can the same behavior not be attributed to casting clear vote by those who feel disenfranchised about the current political climate?

      – Flater
      Nov 15 '18 at 7:32





      4




      4





      @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

      – DevSolar
      Nov 15 '18 at 12:52





      @adam.baker: Any truly democratic vote is secret, i.e. the best you can hope for are polling data and estimates.

      – DevSolar
      Nov 15 '18 at 12:52




      5




      5





      @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

      – Orangesandlemons
      Nov 15 '18 at 17:47





      @congusbongus "Historians have ruled out these two causes" how?

      – Orangesandlemons
      Nov 15 '18 at 17:47











      5














      I might suggest the election of Susanna Madora Salter as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, in 1887.



      From the Kansas Historical Society page on her:




      First woman mayor in the U.S...



      Soon after Kansas women gained the right to vote in municipal elections, voters elected (Salter)...



      (She was) Nominated on the Prohibition Party ticket by several Argonia men as a joke, Salter surprised the group and received two-thirds of the votes.




      A cursory glance at the data available doesn't lead me to a 'smoking gun', but the circumstances surrounding the election -- nominated 'as a joke' and elected 'just weeks after Kansas women had gained the right to vote in city elections' -- leads me to think it could be a good candidate for further research.






      share|improve this answer





























        5














        I might suggest the election of Susanna Madora Salter as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, in 1887.



        From the Kansas Historical Society page on her:




        First woman mayor in the U.S...



        Soon after Kansas women gained the right to vote in municipal elections, voters elected (Salter)...



        (She was) Nominated on the Prohibition Party ticket by several Argonia men as a joke, Salter surprised the group and received two-thirds of the votes.




        A cursory glance at the data available doesn't lead me to a 'smoking gun', but the circumstances surrounding the election -- nominated 'as a joke' and elected 'just weeks after Kansas women had gained the right to vote in city elections' -- leads me to think it could be a good candidate for further research.






        share|improve this answer



























          5












          5








          5







          I might suggest the election of Susanna Madora Salter as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, in 1887.



          From the Kansas Historical Society page on her:




          First woman mayor in the U.S...



          Soon after Kansas women gained the right to vote in municipal elections, voters elected (Salter)...



          (She was) Nominated on the Prohibition Party ticket by several Argonia men as a joke, Salter surprised the group and received two-thirds of the votes.




          A cursory glance at the data available doesn't lead me to a 'smoking gun', but the circumstances surrounding the election -- nominated 'as a joke' and elected 'just weeks after Kansas women had gained the right to vote in city elections' -- leads me to think it could be a good candidate for further research.






          share|improve this answer















          I might suggest the election of Susanna Madora Salter as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, in 1887.



          From the Kansas Historical Society page on her:




          First woman mayor in the U.S...



          Soon after Kansas women gained the right to vote in municipal elections, voters elected (Salter)...



          (She was) Nominated on the Prohibition Party ticket by several Argonia men as a joke, Salter surprised the group and received two-thirds of the votes.




          A cursory glance at the data available doesn't lead me to a 'smoking gun', but the circumstances surrounding the election -- nominated 'as a joke' and elected 'just weeks after Kansas women had gained the right to vote in city elections' -- leads me to think it could be a good candidate for further research.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited Nov 17 '18 at 17:57









          Brock Adams

          281216




          281216










          answered Nov 15 '18 at 18:26









          RogerRoger

          1652




          1652





















              1














              Wyoming granted women the vote in order to have enough voters to qualify for statehood; women's suffrage decided that election.






              share|improve this answer



























                1














                Wyoming granted women the vote in order to have enough voters to qualify for statehood; women's suffrage decided that election.






                share|improve this answer

























                  1












                  1








                  1







                  Wyoming granted women the vote in order to have enough voters to qualify for statehood; women's suffrage decided that election.






                  share|improve this answer













                  Wyoming granted women the vote in order to have enough voters to qualify for statehood; women's suffrage decided that election.







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered Nov 20 '18 at 2:33









                  Mark C. WallaceMark C. Wallace

                  23.5k972111




                  23.5k972111



























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