Buddhadasa


















Phra Dharmakosacarya
(Nguam Indapañño)
"Buddhadasa Bhikkhu"
Nguam Panitch
BuddhadasaAsiti60.jpg
TitlePhra Khru Indapaññacariya (1946)
Phra Ariyanandamuni (1950)
Phra Rajajayakavi (1957)
Phra Debvisuddhimedhi (1971)
Phra Dharmakosacarya (1987)
Other namesBuddhadasa
Personal
Born
(1906-05-27)May 27, 1906
Phumriang, Chaiya, Chaiya Province (now Surat Thani Province), Thailand

DiedMay 25, 1993(1993-05-25) (aged 86)
Wat Thannamlai, Chaiya, Surat Thani Province, Thailand

ReligionBuddhism
NationalityThai
School
Theravada, Maha Nikaya
Other namesBuddhadasa

Phra Dharmakosacarya (Nguam Indapañño) (Thai: พระธรรมโกศาจารย์ (เงื่อม อินฺทปญฺโญ); RTGS: Phra Thammakosachan (Ngueam Inthapanyo)), also known as Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (Thai: พุทธทาสภิกขุ; RTGS: Phutthathat Phikkhu, May 27, 1906 – May 25, 1993) was a famous and influential Thai ascetic-philosopher of the 20th century. Known as an innovative reinterpreter of Buddhist doctrine and Thai folk beliefs, Buddhadasa fostered a reformation in conventional religious perceptions in his home country, Thailand, as well as abroad. Buddhadasa developed a personal view that those who have penetrated the essential nature of religions consider "all religions to be inwardly the same", while those who have the highest understanding of dhamma feel "there is no religion".[1]




Contents





  • 1 Biography

    • 1.1 Early years


    • 1.2 Religious life



  • 2 Teachings and interpretations

    • 2.1 Rejection of rebirth


    • 2.2 No religion



  • 3 Influence


  • 4 Translated works


  • 5 Notes


  • 6 References


  • 7 Sources


  • 8 Further reading


  • 9 External links




Biography



Early years


He was born Nguam Phanit (Thai: เงื่อม พานิช; RTGS: Ngueam Phanit) in 1906 in Ban Phumriang, Chaiya District, southern Thailand. His father, Sieng Phānit, was a shopkeeper of second generation Thai Chinese (Hokkien) ancestry and his mother, Klaun, was Thai.[2]



Religious life




Cremation of Buddhadasa in 1993


Buddhadasa renounced civilian life in 1926. Typical of young monks during the time, he traveled to the capital, Bangkok, for doctrinal training but found the wats there dirty, crowded, and, most troubling to him, the sangha corrupt, "preoccupied with prestige, position, and comfort with little interest in the highest ideals of Buddhism."[3] As a result, he returned to his native rural district and occupied a forest tract near to his village, founding Suan Mokkh[note 1] in 1932.


In later years, Buddhadasa's teachings attracted many international seekers to his hermitage. He held talks with leading scholars and clergy of various faiths. His aim in these discussions was to probe the similarities at the heart of each of the major world religions. Before his death in 1993, he established an International Dhamma Hermitage Center across the highway from his own retreat to aid in the teaching of Buddhism and other yogic practices to international students.[4] The area of Suan Mokkh was expanded to
approximately 120 acres of forest.[5]


However, Buddhadasa was skeptical of his fame; when reflecting on the busloads of visitors to Suan Mokkh he would say, "sometimes I think many of these people just stop here because they have to visit the bathroom."[6]



Teachings and interpretations


Buddhadasa strove for a simple, pristine practice in attempt to emulate Gautama Buddha's core teaching, "Do good, avoid bad, and purify the mind." He therefore avoided the customary ritualism and internal politics that dominated Siamese clerical life. His ability to explain complex philosophical and religious ideas in his native Southern Thai attracted many people to his wooded retreat.


His primary teaching mainly focused on the quiet awareness of one's breathing pattern called anapanasati. However, his personal practice was very much grounded in advanced research and interpretation of early Pali texts on the one hand and on his radical private experimentation on the other.



Rejection of rebirth


Buddhadasa rejected the traditional rebirth and karma doctrine, since he thought it to be incompatible with sunyata, and not conductive to the extinction of dukkha.[7]


Buddhadasa, states John Powers – a professor of Asian Studies and Buddhism, offered a "rationalist interpretation" and called "the whole question of rebirth to be foolish".[8] According to Buddhadasa, the Buddha taught 'no-self' (Skt anatman, Pali anatta), which denies any substantial, ongoing entity or soul.[8] Powers quotes Buddhadasa view as, "because there is no one born, there is no one who dies and is reborn". Therefore, states Buddhadasa, "the whole question of rebirth has nothing to do with Buddhism... in the sphere of the Buddhist teachings there is no question of rebirth or reincarnation". Its goal is nibbana, which Buddhadasa describes as a state "beyond all suffering that also transcends ordinary conceptions of happiness."[8]


Buddhadasa explains paticcasamupadda as the "birth" of "I" and mine through sense-contact with objects, and the resulting vedana ("feeling"), tanha ("thirst," craving) and upadana (clinging). It is by relinquising the notion of "I" and "mine" that selfish clinging is abandoned, and Nirvana or true emptiness will be reached.[7] This can be done by "not allow[ing] the dependent arising to take place; to cut it off right at the moment of sense-contact."[7]


Buddhadasa's views have been "strongly criticized"[9] and rejected by many of his fellow Theravada Buddhism monks with a more orthodox view of the Buddhist Dhamma. For example, Bhikkhu Bodhi states that Buddhadasa's approach of jettisoning the rebirth doctrine "would virtually reduce the Dhamma to tatters... the conception of rebirth is an essential plank to its ethical theory, providing an incentive for avoiding all evil and doing good", summarizes Powers.[8]



No religion


From the earliest period of his religious studies, Buddhadasa utilized a comparative approach and sought to be able to explain "Buddhist's teachings through other thought systems such as Taoism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Jainism and Natural Science."[10] Through such a methodology he came to adopt a religious world-view wherein he stated, "those who have penetrated to the essential nature of religion will regard all religions as being the same. Although they may say there is Buddhism, Judaism, Taoism, Islam, or whatever, they will also say that all religions are inwardly the same."[1]


In his No Religion (1993) Buddhadasa he further famously remarked:


.mw-parser-output .templatequoteoverflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequoteciteline-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0

...those who have penetrated to the highest understanding of Dhamma will feel that the thing called "religion" doesn't exist after all. There is no Buddhism; there is no Christianity; there is no Islam. How can they be the same or in conflict when they don't even exist? (...) Thus, the phrase "No religion!" is actually Dhamma language of the highest level.[1]



Influence




Meditation hall in Buddhadhasa´s Suan Mokkh (Garden of Liberation) monastery


Buddhadasa's interpretations of the Buddhist tradition inspired such persons as the French-schooled Pridi Banomyong, leader of the Siamese revolution of 1932, and a group of Thai social activists and artists of the 20th century.[11]


Religious scholar Donald K. Swearer has compared Buddhadasa to the early Indian philosopher Nagarjuna,[12] and the 5th-century south Indian scholar Buddhaghosa who has "overshadowed the development of Theravada Buddhist thought" in southeast Asia.[13] According to Swearer, the Thai teacher Buddhadasa "stands in polar opposition to such normative figures as Buddhaghosa" in several respects. Buddhadasa's writings, for example, decidedly contrast with the scholastic and highly influential Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa.[13] Buddhadasa has been influential in the arannavasi (forest tradition) of Thai Buddhism, and his ideas have influenced the radical sectarian movement founder Santi Asoke, according to Swearer.[13]


According to scholars such as Peter Jackson and Daniel Lynch, Buddhadasa was heavily influenced by the ideas found in Zen Buddhism.[14][15] Buddhadasa considered the Zen ideas as a way to reconcile Theravada Buddhism with modern humanism, and thought them to be the reason for Japan's economic strength.[15]



Translated works


Buddhadasa's works literally take up an entire room in the National Library of Thailand. The following are some of his well-known books in English translation.



  • The A,B,Cs of Buddhism. 1982.


  • Handbook for Mankind Buddhadasa's most well-known book.


  • Heart-wood from the Bo Tree. Susan Usom Foundation, 1985.


  • Keys to Natural Truth. Trans. R. Bucknell and Santikaro. N.d. First published 1988.


  • Me and Mine: Selected Essays of Bhikkhu Buddhadasa (preview). Thēpwisutthimēthī, Buddhadasa, Swearer. SUNY Press, 1989.


  • Mindfulness With Breathing. Trans. Santikaro. Second Edition. The Dhamma Study & Practice Group. 1989.


  • No Religion. Trans. Punno, First electronic edition: September 1996.


  • Paticcasamuppada: Practical Dependent Origination. The Dhamma Study & Practice Group, 2002


  • Teaching Dhamma with Pictures Published by Sathirakoses-Nagaparadi Foundation & Ministry of Education, Thailand On the occasion of the Centenary Celebration of the Birth of the Ven. Buddhadasa Bhikku(27 May 1906 - 27 May 2006)


Notes




  1. ^ From Thai สวน suan "garden" and Pali moksha "release, liberation". Moksha holds the sense of 'shedding ones skin.' See Harris, Moksha: an etymological note, Bauddhamata, 15.6.2009.</ref>




References




  1. ^ abc Buddhadasa, No Religion Archived March 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, trans. Punno, 1996.


  2. ^ Suchira Payulpitack, Buddhadasa's Movement: An Analysis of Its Origins, Development, and Social Impact, a Doctorate dissertation, faculty of Sociology, Universität Bielefeld, 1992: 72-3.


  3. ^ Payulpitack, 1992: 123.


  4. ^ "Ajahn Buddhadasa". suanmokkh.org. Retrieved 6 July 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  5. ^ Selin, Helaine (2013). Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 360. ISBN 978-94-017-0149-5.


  6. ^ Bhikkhu, Buddhadasa (1994). "Foreword". In Bhikkhu, Santikaro. Heartwood of the Bodhi Tree. Wisdom Publication. pp. ix. ISBN 0-86171-035-5.


  7. ^ abc Buddhadasa 1985a.


  8. ^ abcd John Powers (2017). Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. Buddhist Philosophy: A Comparative Approach. Wiley. pp. 221–237. ISBN 978-1-119-06825-9.


  9. ^ Steve Odin (2011), Reviewed Work: Buddhadāsa: Theravada Buddhism and Modernist Reform in Thailand by Peter A. Jackson, Philosophy East and West, University of Hawai'i Press, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 221-231


  10. ^ Payulpitack, 1992: 97.


  11. ^ Daniel Lynch (2006). Rising China and Asian Democratization: Socialization to "Global Culture" in the Political Transformations of Thailand, China, and Taiwan. Stanford University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-8047-5394-6.


  12. ^ D.K. Swearer, Dhammic Socialism. Bangkok: Thai Inter-Religious Commission for Development, 1986: 14. Cited in Payulpitack, 1992: 103, n. 2.


  13. ^ abc Bhikku Buddhadasa; Donald K Swearer (Translator) (1991). Me and Mine: Selected Essays of Bhikkhu Buddhadasa. State University of New York Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-4384-2166-7.


  14. ^ Peter A. Jackson (1988). Buddhadasa: A Buddhist Thinker for the Modern World. Siam Society. pp. 222–229. ISBN 978-974-8298-18-4.


  15. ^ ab Daniel Lynch (2006). Rising China and Asian Democratization: Socialization to "Global Culture" in the Political Transformations of Thailand, China, and Taiwan. Stanford University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-8047-7947-0.



Sources


.mw-parser-output .refbeginfont-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ullist-style-type:none;margin-left:0.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>ddmargin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100font-size:100%


  • Buddhadasa (1985a) [1961], "The essential points of the Buddhist teachings", Heart-wood from the Bo tree


Further reading


  • Buddhadasa, Bhikku; Pramoj, M.R. Kukrit (2003). "How we should understand the dhamma", Chulalangkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (1), 139-157

  • Ito, Tomomi (2012). Modern Thai Buddhism and Buddhadasa Bhikkhu: A Social History, Singapore: NUS Press.
    ISBN 9789971695729

  • Jackson, Peter Anthony (1986). Buddhadasa and doctrinal modernisation in contemporary Thai Buddhism: a social and philosophical analysis, Thesis, Australian National University

  • Preecha Changkhwanyuen (2003). "Dhammic Socialism Political Thought of Buddhadasa Bhikku", Chulalangkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (1), page 118

  • Puntarigvivat, Tavivat (2003). "Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Dhammic Socialism", The Chulalongkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (2), 189-207


External links




Places

  • Wat Suan Mokkh. Buddhadasa's Hermitage
Biography

  • Ajahn Buddhadasa. nalanda.org.br/


  • Biography of Buddhadhasa on YouTube. Three-part video.


  • Buddhadasa, encyclopedia.com

Works and teachings

  • Category:Buddhadasa Bhikkhu. A list of Buddhadasa's online work. dharmaweb.org

  • Buddhadasa Indapanno Archives

Other

  • Talks by Santikaro about Buddhadasa. Audio recording in four parts








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