United States Federal Witness Protection Program




U.S. Marshals do a drill of guarding a protected witness


The United States Federal Witness Protection Program, also known as the Witness Security Program or WITSEC,[1] is a witness protection program administered by the United States Department of Justice and operated by the United States Marshals Service that is designed to protect threatened witnesses before, during, and after a trial.


A few states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C. have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs provide less extensive protections than the federal program.[2][3]




Contents





  • 1 History


  • 2 Operations


  • 3 Recidivism


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 Further reading


  • 7 External links




History


The WITSEC program was formally established under Title V of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, which in turn sets out the manner in which the United States Attorney General may provide for the relocation and protection of a witness or potential witness of the federal or state government in an official proceeding concerning organized crime or other serious offenses. See 18 U.S.C.A 3521, et. seq. The federal government also gives grants to the states to enable them to provide similar services.


WITSEC was originally created as the Federal Witness Protection Program in the mid-1960s by Gerald Shur, when he was Attorney in Charge of the Intelligence and Special Services Unit of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice.[4] Most witnesses are protected by the United States Marshals Service, while protection of incarcerated witnesses is the duty of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.


Former decorated federal law enforcement officer John Thomas Ambrose was convicted of leaking information about a federal witness in the Witness Protection Program, Chicago Outfit hitman Nicholas Calabrese, to other members of Chicago organized crime.[5][6][7][8]



Operations


As of 2013, 8,500 witnesses and 9,900 family members have been protected by the U.S. Marshals Service since 1971.[1]


According to Gerald Shur, the person who created the federal program, about 95% of witnesses in the program are "criminals". They may be intentional criminals, or people who are doing business with criminals, such as one engineer who bought off a mayor "because that's how you do business in the city. In his mind, he wasn't doing anything criminal", as Shur said. A witness who agrees to testify for the prosecution is generally eligible to join the program, which is entirely voluntary. Witnesses are permitted to leave the program and return to their original identities at any time, although this is always discouraged by administrators.[9]


In both criminal and civil matters involving protected witnesses, the U.S. Marshals cooperate fully with local law enforcement and court authorities to bring witnesses to justice or to have them fulfill their legal responsibilities.[1]



Recidivism


Less than 17 percent of protected witnesses who have committed a crime will be caught committing another crime, compared to the almost 41 percent of parolees who return to crime.[10]



See also


  • Witness Security Programme (Ireland)

  • Witness immunity

  • Witness tampering


References




  1. ^ abc (USMS), U.S. Marshals Service. "U.S. Marshals Service". www.usmarshals.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "California Witness Relocation and Assistance Program". 15 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2018.


  3. ^ Glaberson, William (July 3, 2003). "'Lie or Die' -- Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2011.


  4. ^ Pete Earley and Gerald Shur. WITSEC: Inside the Federal Witness Protection Program. Bantam Books, Hardcover February 2002,
    ISBN 0-553-80145-7, Paperback April 2003,
    ISBN 0-553-58243-7/


  5. ^ Chuck Gouldie (April 13, 2009). "Trial begins for deputy accused of leaking secrets".


  6. ^ "Pope Recovering in Hospital; Task Force Hunts Down Fugitives; Oscar Nominees Diverse This Year". CNN. February 25, 2005.


  7. ^ Mike Robinson (April 29, 2009). "Deputy US marshal guilty of leaking secrets to mob". Tulsa World.


  8. ^ "Marshal's mob-leak trial loses a juror". Chicago Sun-Times. April 28, 2009. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009.


  9. ^ "Inside the witness protection program," Gabriel Falcon, CNN, February 16, 2013.


  10. ^ Bonsor, Kevin. "How Witness Protection Works". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved July 13, 2011.



Further reading


  • Pete Earley and Gerald Shur. WITSEC: Inside the Federal Witness Protection Program. Bantam Books, Hardcover February 2002,
    ISBN 0-553-80145-7, Paperback April 2003,
    ISBN 0-553-58243-7

  • King, John W. The Breeding of Contempt: Account of the Largest Mass Murder in Washington, D.C. History and first African-American family in the Witness Protection Program (1976), Xlibris Publishing 2003
    ISBN 978-1401079031[self-published source]

  • Gregg and Gina Hill, On the Run: A Mafia Childhood, Warner Books, October 14, 2004, hardcover, 256 pages,
    ISBN 0-446-52770-X


External links



  • How Stuff Works, US Marshals Witness Protection Program, HowStuffWorks

  • FBI newsletter description


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