The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae; also known as long-horned or longhorn beetles or longicorns) are a cosmopolitan family of beetles,[2] typically characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. In various members of the family, however, the antennae are quite short (e.g., Neandra brunnea) and such species can be difficult to distinguish from related beetle families such as the Chrysomelidae. The family is large, with over 26,000 species described, slightly more than half from the Eastern Hemisphere. Several are serious pests. The larvae, called roundheaded borers, bore into wood, where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber (or, occasionally, to wood in buildings; the old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, is a particular problem indoors). A number of species mimic ants, bees, and wasps, though a majority of species are cryptically colored. The rare titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs) insect, with a maximum known body length of just over 16.7 cm (6.6 in).[3] The scientific name of this beetle family goes back to a figure from Greek mythology: after an argument with nymphs, the shepherd Cerambus was transformed into a large beetle with horns.
Contents
1Classification
1.1Subfamilies
2Notable genera and species
3See also
4References
5Further reading
6External links
Classification
Decora longicorn (Amphirhoe decora)
As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g., Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae, and Vesperidae);[4] there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae.[5] There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood.[6]
Blackspotted pliers support beetle (Rhagium mordax)
Anoplophora chinensis
Subfamilies
The ten subfamilies are:[7]
Anoplodermatinae Guérin-Méneville, 1840
Apatophyseinae Lacordaire, 1869
Cerambycinae Latreille, 1802
Dorcasominae Lacordaire, 1869
Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
Lepturinae Latreille, 1802
Necydalinae Latreille, 1825
Parandrinae Blanchard, 1845
Prioninae Latreille, 1802
Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832
Notable genera and species
Common tuft bearing longhorn beetle (Aristobia approximator)
Moneilema – cactus longhorn beetles
Anoplophora chinensis – citrus long-horned beetle
Phymatodes nitidus
Anoplophora glabripennis – Asian long-horned beetle
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus – red milkweed beetle
Tetropium fuscum – brown spruce longhorn beetle, a major Canadian pest
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus – valley elderberry longhorn beetle
Petrognatha gigas – giant African longhorn beetle
Rosalia alpina – Rosalia longhorn beetle
Aridaeus thoracicus – tiger longicorn (Australia)
Prionoplus reticularis - huhu beetle
See also
List of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) species recorded in Britain
^Gomes Gonçalves, Marcos Paulo (December 2017). "Relationship Between Meteorological Conditions and Beetles in Mata de Cocal". Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia. pp. 543–554. doi:10.1590/0102-7786324003. ISSN 0102-7786.
^Max Barclay (2010). "Titanus giganteus Linnaeus (1771)". Natural History Museum. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^Sergio Antonio Vanin & Sergio Ide (2002). "Classificação comentada de Coleoptera" [An annotated classification of the Coleoptera]. In C. Costa; S. A. Vanin; J. M. Lobo & A. Melic. Proyecto de Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática PrIBES 2002(PDF). Monografias Tercer Milenio (M3M) (in Portuguese). 3. pp. 193–206. ISBN 84-922495-8-7.
^Miguel A. Monné (2006). "Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae, Anoplodermatinae, Aseminae, Spondylidinae, Lepturinae, Oxypeltinae, and addenda to the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae" (PDF excerpt). Zootaxa. 1212: 1–244. ISBN 1-877407-96-8.
^Arnett, et al. (2002). American Beetles, Vol. 2. CRC Press, 861 pp.
^Patrice Bouchard; Yves Bousquet; Anthony E. Davies; Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga; John F. Lawrence; Chris H. C. Lyal; Alfred F. Newton; Chris A. M. Reid; Michael Schmitt; S. Adam Ślipiński; Andrew B. T. Smith (2010). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys. 88: 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
Further reading
Monné, Miguel A. & Hovore, Frank T. (2005) Electronic Checklist of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere. PDF Cerambycids.com
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerambycidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Cerambycidae
Gallery Photo gallery of worldwide long-horned beetles
Photo gallery "Longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of the West Palaearctic Region"
Chute spillway of Llyn Brianne dam in Wales A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels . Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam. Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such a spillway can be used to regulate downstream flows – by releasing water in small amounts before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent sudden large releases that would happen if the dam were overtopped. Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams or outlets of channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines. Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods – when the reservoir cannot hold the excess of water entering the reservoir ove...
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