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Governor-General of the Philippines
Residence	; Fort San Pedro (1565–1572); Palacio del Gobernador (1572–1863); Malacañang Palace (1863–1945) ; Mansion House (1942–1945)
Appointer	; ; Viceroy of New Spain; Monarch of Spain; Monarch of Great Britain; President of the United States; Emperor of Japan;
Precursor	; Various, ; the barangay system
Formation	27 April 1565
First holder	; Miguel López de Legazpi; (under Spain); Dawsonne Drake; (under Great Britain); Wesley Merritt; (under the United States); Masaharu Homma; (under Japan);
Final holder	; Diego de los Ríos; (under Spain); Dawsonne Drake; (under Great Britain); Frank Murphy; (under the United States); Tomoyuki Yamashita; (under Japan);
Abolished	6 October 1945
Succession	; President of the Philippines;

The Governor-General of the Philippines (Spanish: Gobernador-General de Filipinas; Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas; Japanese: フィリピン総督 (Firipin sōtoku);) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from the American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino "President of the Philippine Commonwealth", as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General. The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines.

Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain to govern the Captaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

Ad interim Real Audiencia

#	Name	From	Until	Monarch
1	Miguel López de Legazpi	April 27, 1565	August 20, 1572	Philip II (25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)
2	Guido de Lavezaris	August 20, 1572	August 25, 1575
3	Francisco de Sande	August 25, 1575	April 1580
4	Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa	April 1580	March 10, 1583
5	Diego Ronquillo	March 10, 1583	May 16, 1584
6	Santiago de Vera	May 16, 1584	May 1590
7	Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas	June 1, 1590	October 25, 1593
8	Pedro de Rojas	October 1593	December 3, 1593
9	Luís Pérez Dasmariñas	December 3, 1593	July 14, 1596
10	Francisco de Tello de Guzmán	July 14, 1596	May 1602
10	Francisco de Tello de Guzmán	July 14, 1596	May 1602	Philip III (13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)
11	Pedro Bravo de Acuña	May 1602	June 24, 1606
12	Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza (Real Audiencia)	June 24, 1606	June 15, 1608
13	Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia	June 15, 1608	April 1609
14	Juan de Silva	April 1609	April 19, 1616
15	Andrés Alcaraz (Real Audiencia)	April 19, 1616	July 3, 1618
16	Alonso Fajardo de Entenza	July 3, 1618	July 1624
16	Alonso Fajardo de Entenza	July 3, 1618	July 1624	Philip IV (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
17	Jeronimo de Silva (Real Audiencia)	July 1624	June 1625
18	Fernándo de Silva	July 1624	June 29, 1626
19	Juan Niño de Tabora	June 29, 1626	July 22, 1632
20	Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri (Real Audiencia)	July 22, 1632	1633
21	Juan Cerezo de Salamanca	August 29, 1633	June 25, 1635
22	Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera	June 25, 1635	August 11, 1644
23	Diego Fajardo Chacón	August 11, 1644	July 25, 1653
24	Sabiniano Manrique de Lara	July 25, 1653	September 8, 1663
25	Diego de Salcedo	September 8, 1663	September 28, 1668
25	Diego de Salcedo	September 8, 1663	September 28, 1668	Charles II (17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700)
26	Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz	September 28, 1668	September 24, 1669
27	Manuel de León	September 24, 1669	September 21, 1677
28	Francisco Coloma y Maceda (Real Audiencia)	April 11, 1677	September 25, 1677
29	Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla (Real Audiencia)	September 21, 1677	September 28, 1678
30	Juan de Vargas y Hurtado	September 28, 1678	August 24, 1684
31	Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola	August 24, 1684	April 1689
32	Alonso de Avila Fuertes (Real Audiencia)	April 1689	July 1690
33	Fausto Cruzat y Gongora	July 25, 1690	December 8, 1701
33	Fausto Cruzat y Gongora	July 25, 1690	December 8, 1701	Philip V November 1700 – 15 January 1724
34	Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri	December 8, 1701	August 25, 1709
35	Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga	August 25, 1709	February 4, 1715
36	José Torralba (Real Audiencia)	February 4, 1715	August 9, 1717
37	Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda	August 9, 1717	October 11, 1719
-	Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (acting)	October 11, 1719	August 6, 1721
38	Toribio José Cosio y Campo	August 6, 1721	August 14, 1729
				Louis I (15 January – 31 August 1724)
				Philip V (6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746)
39	Fernándo Valdés y Tamon	August 14, 1729	July 1739
40	Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala	July 1739	September 21, 1745
-	Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (acting)	September 21, 1745	July 20, 1750
-	Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (acting)	September 21, 1745	July 20, 1750	Ferdinand VI (9 July 1746 – 10 August 1759)
41	Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi	July 20, 1750	July 26, 1754
42	Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban	July 26, 1754	May 31, 1759
-	Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (acting)	June 1759	May 31, 1761

				Charles III (10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788)
-	Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra (acting)	July 1761	October 6, 1762	Charles III

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

After the Battle of Manila on 1762, on a terrible loss, the Philippines was occupied by 2 Governors-General of the United Kingdom or the British Empire.

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
43		Simón de Anda y Salazar (Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)	October 6, 1762	February 10, 1764	Charles III
44		Dawsonne Drake	November 2, 1762	May 31, 1764	George III

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

After the British Government replaced their incumbent Governor-General of the Philippines and they have given the nation to Spain one more time, Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre ascended to the Seat.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
45		Francisco Javier de la Torre	March 17, 1764	July 6, 1765	Charles III
46		José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez	July 6, 1765	July 1770
(43)		Simón de Anda y Salazar	July 1770	October 30, 1776
47		Pedro de Sarrio	October 30, 1776	July 1778
48		José Basco y Vargas	July 1778	September 22, 1787
(47)		Pedro de Sarrio	September 22, 1787	July 1, 1788
49		Félix Berenguer de Marquina	July 1, 1788	September 1, 1793
49		Félix Berenguer de Marquina	July 1, 1788	September 1, 1793	Charles IV
50		Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León	September 1, 1793	August 7, 1806
51		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	August 7, 1806	March 4, 1810
					Ferdinand VII
					Joseph Bonaparte
52	\|	Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar	March 4, 1810	September 4, 1813
53		José Gardoqui Jaraveitia	September 4, 1813	December 10, 1816
53		José Gardoqui Jaraveitia	September 4, 1813	December 10, 1816	Ferdinand VII
(51)		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	December 10, 1816	September 15, 1821	Ferdinand VII

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

#	Name	From	Until	Monarch
(51)	Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	September 16, 1821	October 30, 1822	Ferdinand VII
54	Juan Antonio Martínez	October 30, 1822	October 14, 1825
55	Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca	October 14, 1825	December 23, 1830
56	Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo	December 23, 1830	March 1, 1835
56	Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo	December 23, 1830	March 1, 1835	Isabella II
57	Gabriel de Torres	March 1, 1835	April 23, 1835
58	Joaquín de Crame	April 23, 1835	September 9, 1835
59	Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona	September 9, 1835	August 27, 1837
60	Andrés García Camba	August 27, 1837	December 29, 1838
61	Luis Lardizábal	December 29, 1838	February 14, 1841
62	Marcelino de Oraá	February 14, 1841	June 17, 1843
63	Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre	June 17, 1843	July 16, 1844
64	Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila	July 16, 1844	December 26, 1849
65	Antonio María Blanco	December 26, 1849	July 29, 1850
66	Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía	July 29, 1850	December 20, 1853
67	Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 20, 1853	February 2, 1854
68	Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches	February 2, 1854	October 28, 1854
(67)	Ramón Montero y Blandino	October 28, 1854	November 20, 1854
69	Manuel Crespo y Cebrían	November 20, 1854	December 5, 1856
(67)	Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 5, 1856	March 9, 1857
70	Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero	March 9, 1857	January 12, 1860
71	Ramón María Solano y Llanderal	January 12, 1860	August 29, 1860
72	Juan Herrera Dávila	August 29, 1860	February 2, 1861
73	José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González	February 2, 1861	July 7, 1862
74	Salvador Valdés	July 7, 1862	July 9, 1862
75	Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham	July 9, 1862	March 24, 1865
76	Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	March 24, 1865	April 25, 1865
77	Juan de Lara e Irigoyen	April 25, 1865	July 13, 1866
78	José Laureano de Sanz y Posse	July 13, 1866	September 21, 1866
79	Juan Antonio Osorio	September 21, 1866	September 27, 1866
(76)	Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	September 27, 1866	October 26, 1866
80	José de la Gándara y Navarro	October 26, 1866	June 7, 1869
80	José de la Gándara y Navarro	October 26, 1866	June 7, 1869	No Monarch
81	Manuel Maldonado	June 7, 1869	June 23, 1869
82	Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada	June 23, 1869	April 4, 1871
82	Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada	June 23, 1869	April 4, 1871	Amadeo I (December 16, 1870 – February 11, 1873)
83	Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez	April 4, 1871	January 8, 1873
84	Manuel MacCrohon	January 8, 1873	January 24, 1873
85	Juan Alaminos y Vivar	January 24, 1873	March 17, 1874
85	Juan Alaminos y Vivar	January 24, 1873	March 17, 1874	No Monarch
-	Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting)	March 17, 1874	June 18, 1874
86	José Malcampo y Monje	June 18, 1874	February 28, 1877
86	José Malcampo y Monje	June 18, 1874	February 28, 1877	Alfonso XII (December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)
87	Domingo Moriones y Murillo	February 28, 1877	March 20, 1880
88	Rafael Rodríguez Arias	March 20, 1880	April 15, 1880
89	Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 15, 1880	March 10, 1883
-	Emilio Molíns 1st term, (acting)	March 10, 1883	April 7, 1883
90	Joaquín Jovellar	April 7, 1883	April 1, 1885
-	Emilio Molíns 2nd term, (acting)	April 1, 1885	April 4, 1885
91	Emilio Terrero y Perinat	April 4, 1885	April 25, 1888
91	Emilio Terrero y Perinat	April 4, 1885	April 25, 1888	Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)
-	Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio (acting)	April 25, 1888	June 4, 1888
-	Federico Lobatón y Prieto (acting)	June 4, 1888	June 5, 1888
92	Valeriano Wéyler	June 5, 1888	November 17, 1891
93	Eulogio Despujol	November 17, 1891	March 1, 1893
-	Federico Ochando (acting)	March 1, 1893	May 4, 1893
94	Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata	May 4, 1893	December 13, 1896
-	Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja (acting)	December 13, 1896	April 15, 1897
-	José de Lachambre (acting)	April 15, 1897	April 23, 1897
95	Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 23, 1897	April 11, 1898
96	Basilio Augustín^[1]	April 11, 1898	July 24, 1898
-	Fermín Jáudenes^[1] (acting)	July 24, 1898	August 13, 1898
-	Francisco Rizzo^[1] (acting)	August 13, 1898	September 1898
-	Diego de los Rios^[1] (acting)	September 1898	June 3, 1899

United States Military Government (1898–1902)

The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on 13 August 1898.^[2] On 14 August 1898 the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.^[3] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.^[4]

During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

#	Name	From	Until	President
1	Wesley Merritt	August 14, 1898^[5]	August 30, 1898^[6]	William McKinley
2	Elwell S. Otis	August 28, 1898	May 5, 1900
3	Arthur MacArthur, Jr.	May 5, 1900^[7]	July 4, 1901
4	Adna Chaffee ^[8]	July 4, 1901	July 4, 1902

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.^[9] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.^[10] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.^[8] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.^[11]

After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress^[12] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".^[13] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)^[14] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.^[15]^[16]

#	Name	From	Until	President
1	William Howard Taft	July 4, 1901	February 1, 1904	William McKinley To September 1901 Theodore Roosevelt From September 1901
2	Luke Edward Wright	February 1, 1904	November 3, 1905	Theodore Roosevelt
3	Henry Clay Ide	November 3, 1905	September 19, 1906
4	James Francis Smith	September 20, 1906	November 11, 1909
5	William Cameron Forbes	November 11, 1909	September 1, 1913	William Howard Taft
-	Newton W. Gilbert (Acting Governor-General)	September 1, 1913	October 6, 1913	Woodrow Wilson
6	Francis Burton Harrison	October 6, 1913	March 5, 1921	Woodrow Wilson
-	Charles Yeater (Acting Governor-General)	March 5, 1921	October 14, 1921	Warren G. Harding To September 1923 Calvin Coolidge From September 1923
7	Leonard Wood	October 14, 1921	August 7, 1927
-	Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	August 7, 1927	December 27, 1927	Calvin Coolidge
8	Henry L. Stimson	December 27, 1927	February 23, 1929	Calvin Coolidge
-	Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	February 23, 1929	July 8, 1929	Herbert Hoover
9	Dwight F. Davis	July 8, 1929	January 9, 1932
-	George C. Butte (Acting Governor-General)	January 9, 1932	February 29, 1932
10	Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.	February 29, 1932	July 15, 1933
11	Frank Murphy	July 15, 1933	November 14, 1935 Became High Commissioner to the Philippines	Franklin D. Roosevelt

High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

#	Name	From	Until	President
1	Frank Murphy	November 14, 1935	April 26, 1937	Franklin D. Roosevelt
2	Paul V. McNutt	April 26, 1937	July 12, 1939
3	Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.	April 12, 1939	October 12, 1942
4	Paul V. McNutt	September 14, 1945	July 4, 1946 Following Philippine independence became 1st U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines	Harry S Truman
-	Lee Thompson	July 1946	1958
-	Thomas Thompson	July 1946	1958

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.^[17]

#	Name	From	Until	Emperor
1	Masaharu Homma	January 3, 1942	June 8, 1942	Emperor Hirohito
2	Shizuichi Tanaka	June 8, 1942	May 28, 1943
3	Shigenori Kuroda	May 28, 1943	September 26, 1944
4	Tomoyuki Yamashita	September 26, 1944	September 2, 1945

Acting Governor

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	1	Lee Thompson Sr.(1908-1976/1977)	September 2, 1942	July 2, 1946
					2	Johnny Watson (1870- 1960)	1946	??????
					3	O.B. Davidson (1898-1980)	1948/1949	1950
					4	DanielLouisManas (1888-1960)	1950	1952

On September 2, 1945, the Governor-General position of the Philippines has now been abolished and the Philippines' independence had been proclaimed helped by the United States on the 4th of July 1946 on the presidency of Manuel Roxas. The 4th President of the Philippines.

Timelines

1750–1800

1800–1850

1850–1898

1898–1946

Notes

^ ^a^b^c^d Peterson 2007, p. 11.

^ David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

^ David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

^ David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

^ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 116..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

^ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.

^ Pershing, John J. (2013). My Life Before the World War, 1860--1917: A Memoir. University Press of Kentucky. p. 547. ISBN 0-8131-4199-0.

^ ^a^b Elliott (1917), p. 509

^ Elliott (1917), p. 4

^ Tanner (1901), p. 383

^ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.

^ Act of Congress of February 6, 1905 entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.

^ David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

^ "Island - from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.

^ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.

^ "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.

^ Cahoon (2000)

References

Governors of the Philippines

Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Philippines". World's Statesmen.

Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal.

Tanner, Dr. J.M. (1901-11). Improvement Era Vol.5 No. 1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.

[ipps2q2007p11-1] Peterson 2007, p. 11.

[2] David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

[3] David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

[4] David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

[5] Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 116..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em

[6] Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.

[7] Pershing, John J. (2013). My Life Before the World War, 1860--1917: A Memoir. University Press of Kentucky. p. 547. ISBN 0-8131-4199-0.

[End-8] Elliott (1917), p. 509

[9] Elliott (1917), p. 4

[10] Tanner (1901), p. 383

[11] Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.

[12] Act of Congress of February 6, 1905 entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.

[13] David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311

[14] "Island - from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.

[15] "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.

[16] "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.

[17] Cahoon (2000)

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