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In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, a semisimple module or completely reducible module is a type of module that can be understood easily from its parts. A ring that is a semisimple module over itself is known as an Artinian semisimple ring. Some important rings, such as group rings of finite groups over fields of characteristic zero, are semisimple rings. An Artinian ring is initially understood via its largest semisimple quotient. The structure of Artinian semisimple rings is well understood by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem, which exhibits these rings as finite direct products of matrix rings.

Definition

A module over a (not necessarily commutative) ring with unity is said to be semisimple (or completely reducible) if it is the direct sum of simple (irreducible) submodules.

For a module M, the following are equivalent:

1. 
   M is semisimple; i.e., a direct sum of irreducible modules.


2. 
   M is the sum of its irreducible submodules.


3. Every submodule of M is a direct summand: for every submodule N of M, there is a complement P such that M = N ⊕ P.

For 3⇒2displaystyle 3Rightarrow 2, the starting idea is to find an irreducible submodule by picking any nonzero x∈Mdisplaystyle xin M and letting Pdisplaystyle P be a maximal submodule such that x∉Pdisplaystyle xnotin P. It can be shown that the complement of Pdisplaystyle P is irreducible.^[1]

The most basic example of a semisimple module is a module over a field; i.e., a vector space. On the other hand, the ring Z of integers is not a semisimple module over itself (because, for example, it is not an artinian ring.)

Semisimple is stronger than completely decomposable,
which is a direct sum of indecomposable submodules.

Let A be an algebra over a field k. Then a left module M over A is said to be absolutely semisimple if, for any field extension F of k, F⊗kMdisplaystyle Fotimes _kM is a semisimple module over F⊗kAdisplaystyle Fotimes _kA.

Properties

• If M is semisimple and N is a submodule, then N and M/N are also semisimple.


• If each Midisplaystyle M_i is a semisimple module, then so is ⨁iMidisplaystyle bigoplus _iM_i.


• A module M is finitely generated and semisimple if and only if it is Artinian and its radical is zero.

Endomorphism rings

• A semisimple module M over a ring R can also be thought of as a ring homomorphism from R into the ring of abelian group endomorphisms of M. The image of this homomorphism is a semiprimitive ring, and every semiprimitive ring is isomorphic to such an image.


• The endomorphism ring of a semisimple module is not only semiprimitive, but also von Neumann regular, (Lam 2001, p. 62).

Semisimple rings

A ring is said to be (left)-semisimple if it is semisimple as a left module over itself.^[2] Surprisingly, a left-semisimple ring is also right-semisimple and vice versa. The left/right distinction is therefore unnecessary, and one can speak of semisimple rings without ambiguity.

A semisimple ring may be characterized in terms of homological algebra: namely, a ring R is semisimple if and only if any short exact sequence of left (or right) R-modules splits. In particular, any module over a semisimple ring is injective and projective. Since "projective" implies "flat", a semisimple ring is a von Neumann regular ring.

Semisimple rings are of particular interest to algebraists. For example, if the base ring R is semisimple, then all R-modules would automatically be semisimple. Furthermore, every simple (left) R-module is isomorphic to a minimal left ideal of R, that is, R is a left Kasch ring.

Semisimple rings are both Artinian and Noetherian. From the above properties, a ring is semisimple if and only if it is Artinian and its Jacobson radical is zero.

If an Artinian semisimple ring contains a field as a central subring, it is called a semisimple algebra.

Examples

• A commutative semisimple ring is a finite direct product of fields. A commutative ring is semisimple if and only if it is artinian and reduced.^[3]


• If k is a field and G is a finite group of order n, then the group ring k[G]displaystyle k[G] is semisimple if and only if the characteristic of k does not divide n. This is Maschke's theorem, an important result in group representation theory.


• By the Artin–Wedderburn theorem, a unital Artinian ring R is semisimple if and only if it is (isomorphic to) Mn1(D1)×Mn2(D2)×⋯×Mnr(Dr)displaystyle M_n_1(D_1)times M_n_2(D_2)times dots times M_n_r(D_r), where each Didisplaystyle D_i is a division ring and each nidisplaystyle n_i is a positive integer, and Mn(D)displaystyle M_n(D) denotes the ring of n-by-n matrices with entries in D.


• An example of a semisimple non-unital ring is M∞(K)displaystyle M_infty (K), the row-finite, column-finite, infinite matrices over a field K.

Simple rings

One should beware that despite the terminology, not all simple rings are semisimple. The problem is that the ring may be "too big", that is, not (left/right) Artinian. In fact, if R is a simple ring with a minimal left/right ideal, then R is semisimple.

Classic examples of simple, but not semisimple, rings are the Weyl algebras, such as the Qdisplaystyle mathbb Q -algebra

A=Q[x,y]/⟨xy−yx−1⟩ ,displaystyle A=mathbb Q left[x,yright]/langle xy-yx-1rangle ,

which is a simple noncommutative domain. These and many other nice examples are discussed in more detail in several noncommutative ring theory texts, including chapter 3 of Lam's text, in which they are described as nonartinian simple rings. The module theory for the Weyl algebras is well studied and differs significantly from that of semisimple rings.

Jacobson semisimple

A ring is called Jacobson semisimple (or J-semisimple or semiprimitive) if the intersection of the maximal left ideals is zero, that is, if the Jacobson radical is zero. Every ring that is semisimple as a module over itself has zero Jacobson radical, but not every ring with zero Jacobson radical is semisimple as a module over itself. A J-semisimple ring is semisimple if and only if it is an artinian ring, so semisimple rings are often called artinian semisimple rings to avoid confusion.

For example, the ring of integers, Z, is J-semisimple, but not artinian semisimple.

See also

• Socle


• semisimple algebra

References

Notes

References

• 
  Bourbaki, Nicolas (2012), Algèbre Ch. 8 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-35315-7.mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
  


• 
  Jacobson, Nathan (1989), Basic algebra II (2nd ed.), W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-1933-5
  


• 
  Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2001), A First Course in Noncommutative Rings (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8616-0, ISBN 978-0-387-95325-0, MR 1838439
  


• 
  Lang, Serge (2002), Algebra (3rd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0387953854
  


• R.S. Pierce. Associative Algebras. Graduate Texts in Mathematics vol 88.


• 
  Sengupta, Ambar (2012). Representing finite groups: a semisimple introduction. New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1231-1_8. ISBN 9781461412311. OCLC 769756134.